武汉市4家大型机械制造企业职业病危害分析

[目的]分析武汉市机械制造企业存在的职业病危害因素,为改善作业环境、预防与控制职业病以及制定相关政策提供科学依据。[方法]选择4家异地新建的大型机械制造企业为对象,按国家职业卫生规范与标准,调查分析存在的职业病危害因素状况和防控措施实施情况,并对其职业病危害因素控制效果进行现场检测。[结果]噪声检测点超标率为35.2%,超标点分布广,接触机会多,超标率居前3位的工序为打磨（59.3%）、抛丸（55.6%）和冲压（52%）。生产性粉尘主要分布在焊接工作场所,其中砂轮磨尘超标率为13.0%,电焊烟尘超标率为11.9%,电焊烟尘的超标程度较大,其时间加权平均浓度（TWA）超标倍数最大达6倍。化学毒物共测5种,有3种超标,主要分布在喷涂和焊接工作场所,其中苯测点超标率为44.4%,甲苯为12.7%,锰为11.5%,锰超标程度较大,其TWA超标倍数最大达16倍。[结论]武汉市4家大型机械制造业超标严重的主要职业病危害因素是噪声、苯系物和粉尘,仍需采取有效的防护措施,保护劳动者的健康。

Analysis on the Occupational Hazards in Four Machinery Plants, Wuhan

[ Objective ] To analyze the occupational hazards in the machinery plant in Wuhan, and to provide basis for environmental improvement, occupational disease prevention and control, and relevant policy-makings. [ Methods ] Investigation was carried out on the occupational hazards and their prevention and control countermeasures in 4 machinery plants in Wuhan in accordance with national occupational hygienic standards and relevant criteria. [ Results ] Noise was widespread, the overall exceeding rate was 35.2%, and the top 3 job-titles were grinding （59.3%）, shot blast （55.6%） and stamping （52%）. Industrial dust were found mainly in welding, the exceeding rates of grinding wheel dust and welding fume were 13.0% and 11.9% respectively; and the time weighted average （TWA） of welding fume was 6 times the permissible limits. Five chemical toxicants were monitored, among which benzene, toluene and manganese exceeded the national standard with the exceeding rates of 44.4%, 12.7% and 11.5% respectively, and they were mainly distributed in workplaces of spray painting and welding; the TWA of manganese was 16 times the concentration of permissible limits. [ Conclusion ] Noise, benzene analogs and dust are the main occupational hazards in Wuhan machinery plants. It is necessary to take effective measures to protect workers＇ health.