Individual- and population-level toxicity of the insecticide,spirotetramat and the agricultural adjuvant,Destiny to the Cladoceran, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ceriodaphnia dubia</Emphasis> |
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Authors: | Xue Dong Chen John D Stark |
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Institution: | (1) Ecotoxicology Program, Department of Entomology, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA; |
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Abstract: | The effects of the tetramic acid insecticide, spirotetramat and the agricultural adjuvant, Destiny, were evaluated on the
Cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia. These compounds were evaluated separately and as a mixture because they can be applied together for control of certain crop
pests and therefore have the potential to enter surface water as a binary mixture. Acute mortality estimates (48 h) were developed
followed by chronic exposure (8 days) studies where several population parameters were recorded. Acute LC50 and 95% CL for
spirotetramat and Destiny were estimated to be 23.8 (14.5–35.4) and 26.71 (20.8–34.0) mg/l, respectively. Thus, spirotetramat
and Destiny were equitoxic to C. dubia at LC50. For the chronic population study, C. dubia populations were exposed to a range of concentrations for spirotetramat and Destiny singly and as a mixture. Each chemical
alone reduced the number of founding individuals, offspring/female, final population size, and population growth rate in a
concentration-dependent manner. However, exposure to the mixture caused significantly greater reductions in these parameters
than either compound alone. These results indicate that agricultural adjuvants and pesticides may cause more damage to aquatic
organisms as a mixture than either product alone. Therefore, future evaluations of pesticide effects should consider the effects
of adjuvants as a mixture with pesticides when these products are recommended to be applied together for pest control. |
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