Environmental risk factors associated with the persistence of conduct difficulties in children with intellectual disabilities and autistic spectrum disorders |
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| Affiliation: | 1. University of Sydney, Australia;2. University of California at Riverside, USA;3. Lancaster University, UK;1. Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;2. Department of General Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Mikszáth tér 1, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary;3. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Balassa u. 6, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;1. Research Unit EM2S: Education, Motricité, Sport et Santé” ISSEP, Sfax, Tunisia;2. Service d’Explorations Fonctionnelles, Unité d’Effort Cardio-pulmonaire, Hôpital Habib Bourguiba, Sfax, Tunisia;3. Departments of Family Medicine and Kinesiology, The Infant Child Health (INCH) Research Lab, and The CanChild Centre for Studies in Childhood Disability, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada;4. Research Unit Neuropediatry UR.0805, Hedi Chaker Hosîtal Faculty of Medicine, Sfax, Tunisia;1. Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering, Tamkang University, Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, Taiwan;2. Chunghwa Telecommunication Laboratories, Yangmei City, Taoyuan County, Taiwan;1. Department of Linguistics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Spain;2. Neuropsychophysiology Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal;3. Vigo Parkinson Disease Association and Pontevedra Medical Centre, Spain |
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| Abstract: | We investigated the association between exposure to environmental risks in early childhood and the prevalence and persistence of conduct difficulties (CD) in children with intellectual disability (ID) who did not have autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), children with ASD and typically developing (TD) children. Results indicated that: (1) exposure to risk was associated with elevated prevalence of CD at age three and, for TD children and children with ID, increased risk of CD persisting to ages five and seven; (2) at all levels of risk, children with ASD were more likely to show persistent CD than other children; (3) children with ID were no more likely to show persistent CD than TD children at low levels of exposure to environmental risk. |
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| Keywords: | Conduct difficulties Problem behavior Socio-economic position Environmental factors Autism Intellectual disability |
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