A longitudinal study on gross motor development in children with learning disorders |
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| Institution: | 1. Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa & CIED, Lisboa 1549-003, Portugal;2. CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa 1495-687, Portugal;3. Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer de Melgaço, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Melgaço 4960-320, Portugal;4. Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal;5. School of Kinesiology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;6. Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43215, USA;7. Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, SC 29409, USA;8. Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;9. Physical Education & Sport, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan, MI 48859, USA;10. Kinesiology Department, State University of New York at Cortland, Cortland, NY 13045, USA |
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| Abstract: | This longitudinal study examined the development of gross motor skills, and sex-differences therein, in 7- to 11-years-old children with learning disorders (LD) and compared the results with typically developing children to determine the performance level of children with LD.In children with LD (n = 56; 39 boys, 17 girls), gross motor skills were assessed with the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 and measured annually during a 3-year period. Motor scores of 253 typically developing children (125 boys, 112 girls) were collected for references values.The multilevel analyses showed that the ball skills of children with LD improved with age (p < .001), especially between 7 and 9 years, but the locomotor skills did not (p = .50). Boys had higher ball skill scores than girls (p = .002) and these differences were constant over time. Typically developing children outperformed the children with LD on the locomotor skills and ball skills at all ages, except the locomotor skills at age 7. Children with LD develop their ball skills later in the primary school-period compared to typically developing peers. However, 11 year-old children with LD had a lag in locomotor skills and ball skills of at least four and three years, respectively, compared to their peers. |
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| Keywords: | Primary-school-age children Locomotor skills Ball skills Learning disorders |
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