Cardiac Valve Prostheses: Pathological and Bioengineering Considerations

Cardiac valve replacement with mechanical prosthetic or bioprosthetic devices enhances patient survival and quality of life. Nevertheless, prosthesis-associated complications are frequent and contribute significantly to outcome. Thrombo-embolic complications are the most important problems in patients with mechanical valves, necessitating chronic anticoagulation in all patients receiving them. In contrast, patients with bioprosthetic valves, composed of chemically treated animal tissues, generally do not require anticoagulants. However, bioprostheses fail frequently by degeneration, especially that involving cuspal calcification. This paper reviews the pathological and bioengineering considerations in the selection of cardiac prosthetic valves and the management of patients who have received these devices. The significance, morphology, and pathogenesis of the observed major complications and other alterations during function are described in detail. Contemporary investigative trends are summarized, including studies of inhibition of mineralization and other degenerative changes in bioprostheses, improved design rigid mechanical valves with pyrolytic carbon occluders and the development of central-flow, flexible polymeric leaflet valves.