Genetic structure and divergence in populations of Lutzomyia cruciata,a phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vector of Leishmania mexicana in southeastern Mexico |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública-INSP, 19 Poniente y 4ta Norte, 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico;2. Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Doctores, 06726 México, DF, Mexico;3. Departamento Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-275, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, Mexico;4. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Ave. Universidad s/n, Apartado Postal 109-F, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, 66451 Nuevo León, Mexico;5. Laboratorio de Biotecnología Industrial, Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Boulevard del Maestro, s/n, Esquina Elías Piña. Col. Narciso Mendoza, 88710 Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico;6. Red Ambiente y Sustentabilidad, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Carretera Antigua a Coatepec N° 351, El Haya, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico;1. Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán CP 97225, Mexico;2. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 3185 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States;1. Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Ciudad de México C.P. 06720, Mexico;2. Unidad de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital de Especialidades, CMN-XXI, IMSS, Mexico;3. Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico;1. Unidad de Entomología Médica, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo s/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain;2. Laboratori de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Spain;3. ISGlobal, Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;1. Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan;2. Departamento Académico de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru;3. Laboratorio de Entomología, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru;4. Dirección Ejecutiva de Salud Ambiental, Gerencia Regional de Salud Lambayeque, Perú Área de Entomología Laboratorio Referencial, Dirección Regional de Salud Piura, Peru;5. Área de Entomología, Laboratorio Referencial, Dirección Regional de Salud Piura, Peru;6. Dirección Ejecutiva de Salud Ambiental, Dirección Regional de Salud Cusco, Peru;7. Dirección Ejecutiva de Salud Ambiental, Dirección Sub Regional de Salud Cutervo, Dirección Regional de Salud Cajamarca, Peru;8. Laboratorio Referencial, Dirección Regional de Salud Piura, Peru;9. Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan;10. Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador;11. Prometeo, Secretaría Nacional de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion (SENESCYT), Ecuador;1. Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;2. Deputy for Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran;3. Zoonotic Department, Center of Disease Control (CDC), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran |
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| Abstract: | The low dispersal capacity of sand flies could lead to population isolation due to geographic barriers, climate variation, or to population fragmentation associated with specific local habitats due to landscape modification. The phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia cruciata has a wide distribution throughout Mexico and is a vector of Leishmania mexicana in the southeast. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity, structure, and divergence within and among populations of Lu. cruciata in the state of Chiapas, and to infer the intra-specific phylogeny using the 3′ end of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. We analyzed 62 sequences from four Lu. cruciata populations and found 26 haplotypes, high genetic differentiation and restricted gene flow among populations (Fst = 0.416, Nm = 0.701, p < 0.001). The highest diversity values were recorded in populations from Loma Bonita and Guadalupe Miramar. Three lineages (100% bootstrap and 7% overall divergence) were identified using a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis which showed high genetic divergence (17.2–22.7%). A minimum spanning haplotype network also supported separation into three lineages. Genetic structure and divergence within and among Lu. cruciata populations are hence affected by geographic heterogeneity and evolutionary background. Data obtained in the present study suggest that Lu. cruciata in the state of Chiapas consists of at least three lineages. Such findings may have implications for vector capacity and hence for vector control strategies. |
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