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Effects of medications on hypoxia-inducible factor in the retina: A review |
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| Authors: | Angela H Kim AB Masha Kolesnikova BS Wei Kiong Ngo MD Stephen H Tsang MD PhD |
| Institution: | 1. Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA SUNY Downstate Medical School, Brooklyn, New York, USA;2. Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore;3. Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA |
| Abstract: | Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays a critical role in the mechanisms that allow cells to adapt to various oxygen levels in the environment. Specifically, HIF-1⍺ has shown to be widely involved in cellular repair, survival, and energy metabolism. HIF-1⍺ has also been found in increased levels in cancer cells, highlighting the importance of balance in the hypoxic response. Promoting HIF-1⍺ activity as a potential therapy for degenerative diseases and inhibiting HIF-1⍺ as a therapy for pathologies with overactive cell proliferation are actively being explored. Digoxin and metformin, HIF-1⍺ inhibitors, and deferoxamine and ⍺-ketoglutarate analogues, HIF-1⍺ activators, are being studied for application in age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinitis pigmentosa. However, these same medications have retinal toxicities that must be assessed before implementation of therapeutic care. Herein, we highlight the duality of therapeutic and toxic potential of HIF-1⍺ that must be carefully assessed prior to its clinical application in retinal disorders. |
| Keywords: | ⍺-ketoglutarate analogues deferoxamine digoxin hypoxia-inducible factor metformin retina |