Basic principle of population-based cohort study to evaluate influenza vaccine effectiveness among elderly Japanese |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan;2. College of Healthcare Management, 960-4, Takayanagi, Setaka-machi, Miyama-shi, Fukuoka 835-0018, Japan;3. Clinical Epidemiology Research Center, Medical Co. LTA, 3-5-1 Kashii-Teriha, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 813-0017, Japan;1. Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia;1. Institute of Atomic Energy of NNC RK, Krasnoarmeiskaya 10, 071100, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan;2. State University Named After Shakarim, Glinky 20a, 071400, Semey, Kazakhstan;3. Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 25, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland;2. Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC;1. Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada;2. Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;3. Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;4. Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;5. Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA;6. Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;7. Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;8. Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA |
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| Abstract: | Influenza vaccines minimize the risk of influenza-related morbidity, complication, and death in elderly people. Although evaluating vaccine effectiveness (VE) is important for promoting immunization programs and coping with influenza epidemics, it is difficult to evaluate its effectiveness in Japan, where no frameworks to use large databases, such as a vaccination registry and health maintenance organization datasets, are available. Therefore, another analytic epidemiological investigations to evaluate VE in Japan are required. Herein, we describe the basic principles of a cohort study, which might be the most comprehensive, but expensive, study design. It is particularly important to be aware of the potential bias and confounding factors that should be minimized in the study design and analysis. We focus on “laboratory-confirmed influenza” and “influenza-like illness”, and discuss why it is important to follow up with equal intensity, and how to control for bias; problems that often arise in population-based observational cohort studies. |
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| Keywords: | Influenza vaccine Vaccine effectiveness Cohort study VE"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0025"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"vaccine effectiveness ILI"} {"#name":"keyword" "$":{"id":"k0035"} "$$":[{"#name":"text" "_":"influenza-like illness |
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