Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on urinary tract cancer: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial (Finland) |
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Authors: | Jarmo Virtamo Brenda K Edwards Mikko Virtanen Philip R Taylor Nea Malila Demetrius Albanes Jussi K Huttunen Anne M Hartman Päivi Hietanen Hanna Mäenpää Leopold Koss Stig Nordling Olli P Heinonen |
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Institution: | (1) National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland;(2) National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA;(3) Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland;(4) Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA;(5) University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland |
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Abstract: | Objectives: Epidemiological studies have suggested a protective effect of vegetables and fruits on urinary tract cancer but the possible protective nutrients are unknown. We studied the effect of alpha-tocopherol (a form of vitamin E) and beta-carotene supplementation on urinary tract cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study.
Methods: A total of 29,133 male smokers aged 50–69 years from southwestern Finland were randomly assigned to receive alpha-tocopherol (50 mg), beta-carotene (20 mg), both agents, or a placebo daily for 5–8 years (median 6.1 years). Incident urothelial cancers (bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis; n = 169) and renal cell cancers (n = 102) were identified through the nationwide cancer registry. The diagnoses were centrally confirmed by review of medical records and pathology specimens. The supplementation effects were estimated using a proportional hazards model.
Results: Neither alpha-tocopherol nor beta-carotene affected the incidence of urothelial cancer, relative risk 1.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8–1.5) and 1.0 (95% CI 0.7–1.3), respectively, or the incidence of renal cell cancer, relative risk 1.1 (95% CI 0.7–1.6) and 0.8 (95% CI 0.6–1.3), respectively.
Conclusion: Long-term supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene has no preventive effect on urinary tract cancers in middle-aged male smokers. |
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Keywords: | Beta-carotene chemoprevention randomized controlled trials renal cell cancer urothelial cancer vitamin E |
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