Positional Variations in Mammary Gland Development and Cancer |
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Authors: | Jacqueline M. Veltmaat Ann F. Ramsdell Esta Sterneck |
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Affiliation: | 1. Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore, 138673, Singapore 2. Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and Program in Women’s and Gender Studies, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA 3. Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB Room 601, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA 4. National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, PO Box B, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
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Abstract: | Most mammals develop their mammary glands in pairs of which the two counterparts are symmetrically displaced away from the ventral midline. Based on this symmetry and the same functional outcome as a milk-producing organ, the mammary glands are easily presumed to be mere copies of one another. Based on our analysis of published data with inclusion of new results related to mammary development and pathology in mice, we argue that this presumption is incorrect: Between and within pairs, mammary glands differ from one another, and tumor incidence and biology depend on the position along the anterior-posterior and the left-right axis as well. This insight has implications for experimental designs with mouse models and for data extrapolation between mammary glands within and between species. We suggest that improved documentation of location-specific mammary gland features will lead to more insights into the molecular mechanisms of mammary gland development and cancer biology in both mice and humans. |
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