Co-exposure to lead increases the renal response to low levels of cadmium in metallurgy workers |
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Authors: | R Hambach D Lison PC D’Haese J Weyler E De Graef A De Schryver LV Lamberts M van Sprundel |
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Institution: | 1. Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;2. Louvain Centre of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium;3. Laboratory of Pathophysiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;4. StatUA Statistics Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium;5. Umicore PMR, Department of Health & Safety, Hoboken, Belgium |
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Abstract: | PurposeResearch on the effect of co-exposure to Cd and Pb on the kidney is scarce. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of co-exposure to these metals on biomarkers of early renal effect.MethodsCd in blood (Cd-B), Cd in urine (Cd-U), Pb in blood (Pb-B) and urinary renal biomarkers, i.e., microalbumin (μ-Alb), beta-2-microglobulin (β2-MG), retinol binding protein (RBP), N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) were measured in 122 metallurgic refinery workers examined in a cross-sectional survey.Results and conclusionsThe median Cd-B, Cd-U, Pb-B were: 0.8 μg/l (IQR = 0.5, 1.2), 0.5 μg/g creatinine (IQR = 0.3, 0.8) and 158.5 μg/l (IQR = 111.0, 219.3), respectively. The impact of Cd-B on the urinary excretion of NAG and IAP was only evident among workers with Pb-B concentrations ≥75th percentile. The association between Cd-U and the renal markers NAG and RBP was also evidenced when Pb-B ≥75th percentile. No statistically significant interaction terms were observed for the associations between Cd-B or Cd-U and the other renal markers under study (i.e., μ-Alb and β2-MG). Our findings indicate that Pb increases the impact of Cd exposure on early renal biomarkers. |
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Keywords: | Occupational Renal Biomarkers Cadmium Lead |
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