《难经》的人体观及解剖发现

《难经》对中医人体观及解剖发现的贡献,主要在厘清脏腑的定义、功能、解剖实质,特别是在行气系统的标明方面,清楚地解说了三焦是“气府”的概念.有些后代医家却因为不清楚古医书中视人体为形神二元一体的思想体系,只依据《难经》里三焦是“有名无形”的说法,就断章取意地评断《难经》的脏腑理论是没有解剖实质基础的.但详观第四十二难的内容,便会发觉此说不攻自破,因为这一难中,不只承接了《灵枢》里《肠胃》和《平人决榖》有关胃、小肠、回肠、广肠等腑的内容,还于稍后的篇幅里,将其改称为胃、小肠、大肠、肛门等部位,并增录了胆、膀胱二腑及所有五脏的大体解剖形态和测量记录.所以,《难经》可说是古代阐述人体结构的著作,其内容类似现今生理学和解剖学的综合体,为中医学的基础理论奠定了扎实的根基.

Anatomical discoveries and concept of human body structure in Nan-jing (Classic of Questioning)

What Nan-jing (Classic of Questioning) contributes to the anatomical discoveries and concepts of human body structure in TCM is that it clarifies the concept, function and anatomical essence of viscera and bowels. It is the first. book that clearly defines the triple jiao as a "qi bowel", This statement is a typical example of Chinese dualistic system of its view on the human body, consisting of physical and spiritual components. This has stirred up confusion for modern interpretation and, as a result, some thought the visceral theory in the book is not based on substantial basis of anatomy. However, the Forty-second Question in Nan-jing not only carries the contents about Wei (stomach), Xiaochang (small intestine), Huichang (large intestine) and Guangchang (anus) in the chapter of "Intestine and Stomach" in Lingshu Jing (Miraculous Pivot), but also changes these names to those we actually use today in the latter chapters; and it also records the gross anatomical shape and size of gall bladder, urinary bladder and all the five viscerae. So, Nan-jing discusses the structure of human body in ancient times, and is equivalent to an integrated science of modern physiology and anatomy, and establishes a solid basis for the fundamental theory of TCM.