性别视角下社会资本对老年人认知能力的影响

目的 分析社会资本对老年人认知能力影响的性别差异。方法 基于2015年中国健康与养老全国追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, CHARLS)数据，选取4 751例老年人为研究对象,以社会信任、社会支持、社会参与、互惠度量社会资本，以心智状况和情景记忆度量认知能力，利用广义线性回归分析社会资本对认知能力影响的性别差异。 结果 男性认知水平高于女性(P＜0.001)，男女心智状况和情景记忆得分均有统计学差异(P＜0.001)；男性高社会信任和有经济支持的比例均高于女性(χ2 = 1.1×103，P＜0.001和 χ2 = 58.695，P＜0.001)。老年男性中有经济支持(β = 0.302,P = 0.011)、社会参与(β = 0.605,P＜0.001)者的心智状况更好；老年女性的心智状况除受经济支持(β = 0.508,P＜0.001)、社会参与(β = 0.410,P＜0.001)的影响，还受照料支持(β = 0.292,P = 0.008)的影响。老年男性中有经济支持(β = 0.199,P = 0.010)、照料支持(β = 0.182,P = 0.017)、社会参与(β = 0.363,P＜0.001)和互惠(β = 0.233,P = 0.032)者的情景记忆更好，社会信任与其情景记忆负相关(β = - 0.238,P = 0.010)；老年女性的情景记忆受经济支持(β = 0.269,P＜0.001)、社会参与(β = 0.167,P = 0.018)、互惠(β = 0.461,P＜0.001)的影响。结论 社会资本对老年人认知能力的影响具有性别差异。

Effects of social capital on cognitive ability of seniors from the perspective of gender

Abstract: Objective To analyze the gender differences in the effects of social capital on the cognition of the elderly. Methods Data of 4 751 elderly adults aged 60 years and above in Wave 4 (2015) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) were retrieved. Social capital was measured by social trust, social support, social participation and reciprocity. Cognition was measured by mental condition and episodic memory. Generalized linear regression analysis was used to explore gender differences in the effects of social capital on cognition. Results Cognition of men was higher than that of women (P<0.001). There were significant differences in the mental condition and episodic memory scores between male and female groups (P<0.001). The proportion of men with strong trust and financial support was higher than that of women (χ2=1.1×103, P<0.001 and χ2=58.695, P<0.001). Elderly men with financial support (β=0.302, P=0.011) and social participation (β=0.605, P<0.001) had better mental condition; in addition to financial support (β=0.508, P<0.001) and social participation (β=0.410, P<0.001), the mental condition of elderly women was also affected by daily care (β= 0.292, P=0.008). Elderly men with financial support (β= 0.199, P=0.010), daily care (β=0.182, P=0.017), social participation (β=0.363, P<0.001) and reciprocity (β=0.233, P= 0.032) had better episodic memory, and social trust was negatively correlated with episodic memory of elderly men (β=-0.238, P=0.010); episodic memory of elderly women was affected by financial support (β=0.269, P<0.001),social participation (β=0.167, P=0.018) and reciprocity (β= 0.461, P<0.001). Conclusion There are gender differences in the effects of social capital on cognition of the elderly.