Adoption of Lightning Safety Best-Practices Policies in the Secondary School Setting |
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| Authors: | Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller Katie Walsh Flanagan Luke N. Belval Johna K. Register-Mihalik Douglas J. Casa Lindsay J. DiStefano |
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| Affiliation: | *West Virginia University, Morgantown ; †Eastern Carolina University, Greenville, NC ; ‡Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern and Texas Health Resources Presbyterian Hospital Dallas ; §University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ; ‖Korey Stringer Institute, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs |
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| Abstract: | ContextLightning-related injuries are among the top 10 causes of sport-related death at all levels of sport, including the nearly 8 million athletes participating in US secondary school sports.ObjectiveTo investigate the adoption of lightning safety policies and the factors that influence the development of comprehensive lightning safety policies in United States secondary schools.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSecondary school.Patients or Other ParticipantsAthletic trainers (ATs).Main Outcome Measure(s)An online questionnaire was developed based on the “National Athletic Trainers'' Association Position Statement: Lightning Safety for Athletics and Recreation” using a health behavior model, the precaution adoption process model, along with facilitators of and barriers to the current adoption of lightning-related policies and factors that influence the adoption of lightning policies. Precaution adoption process model stage (unaware for need, unaware if have, unengaged, undecided, decided not to act, decided to act, acting, maintaining) responses are presented as frequencies. Chi-square tests of associations and prevalence ratios with 95% CIs were calculated to compare respondents in higher and lower vulnerability states, based on data regarding lightning-related deaths.ResultsThe response rate for this questionnaire was 13.43% (n = 365), with additional questionnaires completed via social media (n = 56). A majority of ATs reported maintaining (69%, n = 287) and acting (6.5%, n = 27) a comprehensive lightning safety policy. Approximately 1 in 4 ATs (25.1%, n = 106) described using flash to bang as an evacuation criterion. Athletic trainers practicing in more vulnerable states were more likely to adopt a lightning policy than those in less vulnerable states (57.4% versus 42.6%, prevalence ratio [95% CI] = 1.16 [1.03, 1.30]; P = .009). The most commonly cited facilitator and barrier were a requirement from a state high school athletics association and financial limitations, respectively.ConclusionsA majority of ATs related adopting (eg, maintaining and acting) the best practices for lightning safety. However, many ATs also indicated continued use of outdated methods (eg, flash to bang). |
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| Keywords: | preventing sudden death policies and procedures environmental hazards |
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