天麻产地加工方法与质量评价研究进展

通过查阅历代本草、医药典籍及现代文献，归纳总结天麻道地产区的历史变迁、产地加工方法及古今对天麻评价指标的历史沿革。天麻的道地产区从河南和山东等地，逐渐变迁至云南和四川等地。古代天麻产地加工方式主要为“曝干”或“刮皮后蒸煮曝干”，现代各地方中药志关于天麻产地则多以刮皮后蒸煮透心，晒干或烘干为主。1963年版和1977年版《中华人民共和国药典》收录的天麻产地加工均为“去皮后蒸煮，干燥”，1985—2020年版简化为“洗净，蒸透，低温干燥”。天麻药材的质量评价标准在不同历史时期也有变化，古代天麻质量评价中以“个大”者为佳，现代本草中在延续古代体积评价指标的基础上，还增加了质地、颜色和气味等多方面评价准则，同时以天麻中浸出物、酚类成分、多糖等有效成分，指纹图谱及药效学研究评价其质量。现阶段关于天麻产地初加工没有法定标准，造成各地产地加工方法不一，天麻品质参差不齐，亟待制定出合理可行的现代产地初加工工艺及指导标准，以规范天麻产地加工，保证药材质量。

Research Progress in the Field Processing and Quality Evaluation of Gastrodiae Rhizoma

This paper summarized the evolution，processing methods，and evaluation indexes of Gastrodiae Rhizoma in the ancient and modern times by reviewing ancient materia medica monographs，medical classics，and modern articles.The natural producing areas of Gastrodiae Rhizoma gradually changed from Henan and Shandong to Yunnan and Sichuan.The field processing methods of Gastrodiae Rhizoma in ancient times mainly include sun drying and sun drying after peeling and steaming，while those in modern local Chinese medicine records mainly include sun drying or stoving after peeling and steaming.The field processing method of Gastrodiae Rhizoma is drying after peeling and steaming in the 1963 and 1977 editions of Chinese Pharmacopoeia and drying at low temperature after washing and steaming in the 1985 to 2020 editions.In addition，the quality evaluation of Gastrodiae Rhizoma has changed in different historical periods.In ancient times，big size was taken as the indicator of high quality.In modern materia medica monographs，the quality evaluation of Gastrodiae Rhizoma is based on texture，color，and odor in addition to size.In addition，modern studies evaluate the quality of Gastrodiae Rhizoma based on chemical components such as extracts，phenols，polysaccharides，fingerprints，and pharmacodynamics.The lack of unified and specific field processing standards of Gastrodiae Rhizoma results in the different processing methods and uneven quality of Gastrodiae Rhizoma in different producing areas.Therefore，it is urgent to formulate reasonable and feasible field processing methods and standards to regulate the processing of Gastrodiae Rhizoma in the producing areas and ensure the quality of medicinal materials.