Sustainable extraction of pesticides in food and environmental samples using emerging green adsorbents

There are many emerging adsorbents, with relatively high adsorption capacities, that can be used during the extraction of pesticides from complex matrices. Poly(ionic liquids) are among these emerging adsorbents. The applications of poly(ionic liquids) as adsorbents during pesticide pre-concentration are explored in this paper. Some researchers have taken advantage of the adhesive nature of polydopamine and used it to synthesise adsorbents with relatively high adsorption capacities. The use of polydopamine-based sorbents during pesticide pre-concentration is also reviewed in this paper. Deep eutectic solvents, on the other hand, can be used to synthesise adsorbents to extract pesticides in complex matrices. This is usually done either by immobilising it on a solid support or by polymerisation. Applications of deep eutectic solvent-based adsorbents during pesticide extraction are discussed in detail in this review. In addition, this review has explored the challenges associated with the use of these emerging adsorbents during the extraction of pesticides as well as the future prospects.