Isolated greater tuberosity fractures of the proximal humerus: anatomy,injury patterns,multimodality imaging,and approach to management

The greater tuberosity is an important anatomic structure and its integrity is important for shoulder abduction and external rotation. Isolated fractures of the greater tuberosity are often subtle and may not be detected on initial radiographs. Clinically, these patients display symptoms which mimic a full thickness rotator cuff tear. It is important to differentiate these two entities, as their treatment is different (typically nonsurgical management for minimally displaced fractures versus rotator cuff repair for acute full thickness rotator cuff tears). When greater tuberosity fractures are significantly displaced and allowed to heal without anatomic reduction, they can lead to impingement. This article will review greater tuberosity anatomy and function, as well as the clinical presentation and multimodality imaging findings of greater tuberosity fractures. Imaging optimization, pitfalls, and clinical management of these fractures will also be discussed.