Circadian and ultradian glucocorticoid rhythmicity: Implications for the effects of glucocorticoids on neural stem cells and adult hippocampal neurogenesis |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Neuroscience Program, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom;3. Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Endocrinology, Leiden, The Netherlands;4. Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol, United Kingdom;1. University of Liege;2. The University of British Columbia;1. Hypertension and Vascular Research Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States;2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, United States;3. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt;1. Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany;2. DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany;3. Institute for Computer Science, Humboldt-University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 25, 12489 Berlin, Germany;4. Skobeltsyn Institute for Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1 Leninskie gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;5. Institute of Applied Physics ISU, Irkutsk, Russia;6. Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences 60th October Anniversary st., 7a, 117312 Moscow, Russia;7. University of Adelaide 5005, School of Chemistry & Physics, Australia;1. Cardiovascular Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;1. Department of Psychology and Institute for Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, 940 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;2. Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;3. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, 3060 Valley Life Science Building, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA |
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| Abstract: | Psychosocial stress, and within the neuroendocrine reaction to stress specifically the glucocorticoid hormones, are well-characterized inhibitors of neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation in the adult hippocampus, resulting in a marked reduction in the production of new neurons in this brain area relevant for learning and memory. However, the mechanisms by which stress, and particularly glucocorticoids, inhibit neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation remain unclear and under debate.Here we review the literature on the topic and discuss the evidence for direct and indirect effects of glucocorticoids on neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and adult neurogenesis. Further, we discuss the hypothesis that glucocorticoid rhythmicity and oscillations originating from the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, may be crucial for the regulation of neural stem/progenitor cells in the hippocampus, as well as the implications of this hypothesis for pathophysiological conditions in which glucocorticoid oscillations are affected. |
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| Keywords: | Adult hippocampal neurogenesis Stress Glucocorticoid oscillations Neural stem cells Ultradian |
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