Gonadal hormone modulation of intracellular calcium as a mechanism of neuroprotection |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Physiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea;2. Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea;3. Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea;4. Department of Internal Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea;5. Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;6. Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 48516, South Korea;7. Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 48516, South Korea;8. Department of Applied Research, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, South Korea;1. Institut national de santé publique du Québec, 190 Cremazie E. Blvd., Montreal, Quebec H2P 1E2, Canada;2. University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, 900 Rue Saint-Denis, Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada;3. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, 7101, Parc Ave., Montreal, Quebec H3N 1X9, Canada;4. Maternal and Infant Health Section, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada;5. Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Pine Ave. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A2, Canada |
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| Abstract: | Hormones have wide-ranging effects throughout the nervous system, including the ability interact with and modulate many aspects of intracellular calcium regulation and calcium signaling. Indeed, these interactions specifically may help to explain the often opposing or paradoxical effects of hormones, such as their ability to both promote and prevent neuronal cell death during development, as well as reduce or exacerbate damage following an insult or injury in adulthood. Here, we review the basic mechanisms underlying intracellular calcium regulation—perhaps the most dynamic and flexible of all signaling molecules—and discuss how gonadal hormones might manipulate these mechanisms to coordinate diverse cellular responses and achieve disparate outcomes. Additional future research that specifically addresses questions of sex and hormone effects on calcium signaling at different ages will be critical to understanding hormone-mediated neuroprotection. |
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| Keywords: | Calcium Sex differences Development Estradiol Testosterone |
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