Cellular behavior on TiO2 nanonodular structures in a micro-to-nanoscale hierarchy model |
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Authors: | Katsutoshi Kubo Naoki Tsukimura Fuminori Iwasa Takeshi Ueno Lei Saruwatari Hideki Aita Wen-An Chiou Takahiro Ogawa |
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Affiliation: | aLaboratory for Bone and Implant Sciences (LBIS), The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Avenue (B3-081 CHS), Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA |
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Abstract: | Biological tissues involve hierarchical organizations of structures and components. We created a micropit-and-nanonodule hybrid topography of TiO2 by applying a recently reported nanonodular self-assembly technique on acid-etch-created micropit titanium surfaces. The size of the nanonodules was controllable by changing the assembly time. The created micro-nano-hybrid surface rendered a greater surface area and roughness, and extensive geographical undercut on the existing micropit surface and resembled the surface morphology of biomineralized matrices. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts were cultured on titanium disks with either micropits alone, micropits with 100-nm nodules, micropits with 300-nm nodules, or micropits with 500-nm nodules. The addition of nanonodules to micropits selectively promoted osteoblast but not fibroblast function. Unlike the reported advantages of microfeatures that promote osteoblast differentiation but inhibit its proliferation, micro-nano-hybrid topography substantially enhanced both. We also demonstrated that these biological effects were most pronounced when the nanonodules were tailored to a diameter of 300 nm within the micropits. An implant biomechanical test in a rat femur model revealed that the strength of bone–titanium integration was more than three times greater for the implants with micropits and 300-nm nanonodules than the implants with micropits alone. These results suggest the establishment of functionalized nano-in-microtitanium surfaces for improved osteoconductivity, and may provide a biomimetic micro-to-nanoscale hierarchical model to study the nanofeatures of biomaterials. |
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Keywords: | Bone– titanium integration Osseointegration Total hip replacement Dental implant Nanotechnology Self-assembly |
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