野生麦角调查研究

1957年作者等在华北盛产野生麦角的地区张北及沽源进行了生态因子的调查,并在东北搜集了不同寄主上野生麦角的样本作含硷量的此较分析.张北及沽源禾本科植物对麦角病感染程度由重至轻的顺序为碱草、赖草、大麦草、紫穗大麦草、黑麦、偏穗冰草及披碱草,其平均感染百分数分别为68.48、60.97、60.00、50.00、42.00、14.00及6.59.此外拂子茅亦有轻度感染.大麦、小麦、燕麦及无芒雀麦均未发现感染.野生寄主植物中以赖草和碱草分布最广,其大片单独群落的密度每平方米平均分别为61茎和79茎,披碱草亦有大片羣落,平均密度每平方米为38茎,其他禾草的分布极为零星.估计张北及沽源麦角的年产量至少有12万市斤。张北及沽源盛产野生麦角的生态因子为:(1)有大量的感染寄主,(2)每年积累大量菌源,(3)长期寒冷的冬季,及6、7、8月阴雨气候.麦角形成最盛期为7月下旬至8月上旬,采收最合宜的时期为8月中旬.华北及东北地区各种寄主植物所产麦角含硷量差别很大,由高至低的顺序为:拂子茅(麦角总硷计0.577%),老芒麦(0.44%),披碱草(0.30-0.34%),赖草(0.13-0.15%),碱草(0.115%),黑麦(0.061-0.065%);同一寄主植物在不同地区所产麦角的含硷量差异很少.含硷量的高低与菌核的大小,颜色等关系亦不大.寄生于赖草、碱草、披碱草、老芒麦及黑麦的麦角菌经鉴定均为Clavicepspurpurea,寄生于拂子茅的麦角菌为C.microcephala。

A STUDY OF WILD ERGOTS IN NORTH AND NORTHEASTERN CHINA

An ecological survey of ergot production on various hosts in Changpei and Kuyan districts was made in 1957.Alkaloid contents of ergot collections from the above mentioned districts as well as from Northeastern China were analysed. The average percentages of ergot infection of Aneurolepidium chinese,A.dasystachys,Hordeum brevisubulatum,H.violaceum,Secale cereale,Agropyron cristatum and Clinelymus dahuricus were 68.48,60.97,60.00,50.00,42.00,14.00 and 6.59 respectively.Calamagrostis epigeios was very lightly infected,while there was no infection at all on wheat,barley and Bromus inermis.A.dasystachys,A.chinense,and Clinelymus dahuricus were most widely distributed among wild hosts,and their average numbers of culms per square meter were 61,79,and 38 respectively.According to preliminary estimation,the annual production of ergot in Changpei and Kuyan exceeded 60 tons.The ecological factors that favored the ergot epidemic were:(1)The presence of widely distributed susceptible host plants,(2)The presence of large amount of inoculum,(3)Severe winter that favors the venalization of ergot and wet summer that favors infection.Ergots were mostly formed from July 20 to August 10,with the middle part of August being the most suitable time for harvest. The total alkaloid contents of ergot varied with different hosts and decreased by the following order:Calamagrostis epigeios(0.577% estimated as ergotoxine),Clinelymus sibiricus(0.44%),Clinelymus dahurious(0.30—0.34%),Aneurolepidium dasystachys(0.13—0.15%),Aneurolepidium chinense(0.115%),rye(0.061—0.065%).The amount of total alkaloid of the ergots from same host species was rather stable and there seemed no significant differences among different localities.It appeared that there was no relationship between the size or color of ergot and the amount of alkaloid contents.Ergots of Aneurolepidium dasytachys,A.chinense,Clinelymus dahuricus,C.sibiricus and of rye were identified as Claviceps purpurea(Fr.)Tnl.and ergot of Calamagrostis epigeios was identified as C.microcephala(Wallr.)Tul.