Cesare Lombroso and epilepsy 100 years later: an unabridged report of his original transactions

Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909) still represents one of the most famous and, at the same time, controversial figures of neuropsychiatry. His idea of the "atavist" criminal, prisoner of his/her biologic inheritance, became extremely popular in Western countries. Unfortunately, Lombroso's theory of a strict connection between epilepsy and the criminal personality exerted a long-lasting negative influence on both medical and public opinion, and strongly contributed to the stigmatization of patients with epilepsy. In this report, we aim to present the complete and unabridged series of passages of Cesare Lombroso's works, published only in the Italian language, discussing the issue of epilepsy and crime. All original Italian quotations are offered and an English translation is provided. Although we believe that the medical profession must be well aware of the "evil" distortions generated by Lombrosian theories, which clearly emerge from his original transactions, any comment is deliberately avoided because, in our opinion, people and their ideas must be judged in accordance with the historical period to which they belonged.