Inactivation of Planktonic Escherichia coli by Focused 1-MHz Ultrasound Pulses with Shocks: Efficacy and Kinetics Upon Volume Scale-Up

This study addresses inactivation of E. coli in either 5- or 10-mL volumes, which were 50- to 100-fold greater than used in an earlier study (Brayman et al. 2017). Cells were treated with 1-MHz pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound (10 cycles, 2-kHz repetition frequency, +65/–12.8 MPa focal pressures). The surviving fraction was assessed by coliform assay, and inactivation demonstrated curvilinear kinetics. The reduction of surviving fraction to 50% required 2.5 or 6 min in 5- or 10-mL samples, respectively. Exposure of 5 mL for 20 min reduced the surviving fraction to ～1%; a similar exposure of 10-mL samples reduced the surviving fraction to ～10%. Surviving cells from 5-min exposures appeared normal under light microscopy, with minimal debris; after 20 min, debris dominated. Transmission electron microscopy images of insonated samples showed some undamaged cells, a few damaged but largely intact cells and comminuted debris. Cellular damage associated with substantive but incomplete levels of inactivation can be variable, ranging from membrane holes tens of nanometers in diameter to nearly complete comminution.