Comprehensive physical fitness and high blood pressure in children and adolescents: A national cross-sectional survey in China |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, China;2. The George Institute for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia;1. The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA;2. Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;3. Sports Medicine Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA;4. Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA;5. Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA;6. Interdisciplinary Program in Biomechanics and Movement Science, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA;7. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychomatic and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany;8. Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;9. Department of Pediatrics and Orthopedics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;1. Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia;2. High Performance Department, Rugby Australia;1. Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands;2. Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;1. Center for Health Behavior Research, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University;2. Jackson Heart Study Vanguard Center of Oxford, University of Mississippi, Oxford;1. Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Spain;2. School of Kinesiology and Recreation, Illinois State University, United States;3. SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), University of Almería, Spain;4. PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain;5. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden;6. Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarra, Spain;7. GENUD (Growth, Exercise, NUtrition and Development) Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Universidad de Zaragoza, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Spain;8. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium;9. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Greece;10. Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, CIC 1403 - Centre d''investigation clinique, France;11. Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frio, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, Spain;12. National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, Italy;13. ImFine Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain;14. CIBER, CB12/03/30038 Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain;15. Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Vienna, Austria;p. Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain |
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| Abstract: | ObjectivesTo assess the association between comprehensive physical fitness and high blood pressure (HBP) among Chinese children and adolescents.DesignNational cross-sectional surveys.Methods214,301 school students’ data aged 7?18 years was extracted in 2014. Six components of physical fitness (forced vital capacity, standing long jump, sit-and-reach, body muscle strength, 50 m dash and endurance running) were measured, standardized and aggregated as a summary physical fitness indicator (PFI). HBP, systolic HBP (SHBP) and diastolic HBP (DHBP) were defined according to sex-, age- and height-specific references in China.ResultsThe prevalence of HBP, SHBP and DHBP was 8.6%, 4.7% and 5.7%, respectively, and PFI was ?0.9 in Chinese children and adolescents. A significant negative association between the PFI and HBP was observed with adjusted prevalence of HBP (10.8% (95% CI: 10.4–11.2) to 7.6% (95% CI: 7.3–8.0), Ptrend < 0.001), SHBP (5.7% (95% CI: 5.4–6.1) to 4.4% (95% CI: 4.1–4.6), Ptrend < 0.001), and DHBP (7.6% (95% CI: 7.2–7.9) to 4.6% (95% CI: 4.3–4.9), Ptrend < 0.001) and their ORs (HBP: 0.87(95% CI: 0.82–0.93) to 0.68(95% CI: 0.64–0.73), Ptrend < 0.001; SHBP: 0.86(95% CI: 0.79–0.94) to 0.75(95% CI:0.69–0.82), Ptrend < 0.001; DHBP: 0.85(95% CI: 0.79–0.92) to 0.59(95% CI: 0.54–0.64), Ptrend < 0.001) declined with the increase in PFI. Stratified nutritional status exhibited a similar negative association between PFI and HBP, SHBP and DHBP in children with normal weight, overnutrition, and undernutrition. Stand long jump, body muscle strength, 50 m dash, and endurance running, had a negative association with HBP, SHBP and DHBP, but forced vital capacity had a positive such association. Sit-and-reach and HBP are not significantly associated.ConclusionsPhysical fitness was negatively correlated to the increased HBP in children and adolescents. Comprehensive policies and measures to enhance children and adolescents’ physical fitness are urgently needed through the promotion of physical activity, healthy dietary patterns, and strategies of educational guidelines to reduce schoolwork, which will in turn reduce the cardiovascular burdens in the future. |
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| Keywords: | High blood pressure Physical fitness Children Adolescents China |
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