Long-term effects of theta/beta neurofeedback on EEG power spectra in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |
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| Institution: | 1. Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorstraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands;2. ZonMw, Laan van Nieuw Oost-Indië 334, 2593 CE Den Haag, the Netherlands;3. Department of Research & Monitoring, Mental Health Care Organisation Noord-Holland-Noord, Stationsplein 138, 1703 WC Heerhugowaard, the Netherlands;4. Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, VUmc, De Boelelaan 1089a, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands;5. Yulius Academy, Yulius Mental Health Organization, Dennenhout 1, 2994 GC Barendrecht, the Netherlands;1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK;2. Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK;1. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK;2. Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK;1. Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland;2. Department of Physical Education, University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland;1. Research Headquarter, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Psychiatry, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, 56 Dalseong-Ro, Daegu, Republic of Korea;1. Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Silcherstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;2. LEAD Graduate School, University of Tübingen, Gartenstraße 29, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;3. SenseLabs, 1918 N. Higley Rd., Mesa, AZ 85205, USA;1. Hersencentrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany;3. VU University, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveNeurofeedback has been proposed as an effective alternative for pharmacological treatment in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with potentially long-term and delayed benefits. However, the specificity of such long-term behavioral improvements remains inconclusive and therefore additional research into the neurophysiological effects of neurofeedback is needed. We compared long-term effects of theta/beta neurofeedback (NFB) to methylphenidate (MPH) and physical activity (PA, semi-active control intervention) on electroencephalogram (EEG) power spectra. Based on the vigilance stabilization model, we hypothesized further reductions in theta and alpha power in the NFB compared to the control groups.MethodEEG power spectra (theta, alpha and beta) during resting and task conditions were recorded at pre-, post-intervention and 6-months follow-up in 67 children, aged 7–13 (NFB: n = 24, MPH: n = 23, or PA: n = 20).ResultsAnalyses revealed no power spectra differences at follow-up between MPH and NFB (range p = .165–.905) and PA and NFB (range p = .172–.822).ConclusionsNo evidence was found for the specificity of theta/beta NFB at follow-up.SignificanceThis was the first study into long-term neurophysiological effects of theta/beta NFB. Future studies are encouraged to explore both specific and non-specific mechanisms of NFB.Clinical trials registration: Train Your Brain? Exercise and neurofeedback intervention for ADHD, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01363544, Ref. No. NCT01363544. |
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| Keywords: | Neurofeedback ADHD EEG power spectra Naturalistic follow-up |
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