Virus associated glomerulonephritis

Virus associated glomerulonephritis is considered to be a para- or post-infectious autoimmune phenomena. The disease is mediated by immune complexes which usually contain the viral antigen. Virus associated glomerulonephritis due to chronic viral infection with hepatitis B or C virus, or with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) shows a typical histomorphological picture for each virus. Hepatitis B virus usually leads to a membranous glomerulonephritis, while hepatitis C virus is associated with a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis due to cryoglobulins, and HIV is associated with a focal segmental sclerosing glomerulonephritis. Knowledge of the relationship between the primary viral infection and secondary glomerulonephritis is important, as a primary immunosuppressive therapy might lead to more severe viral disease. On the other hand, a primary reduction in the viral load due to antiviral therapy with immunostimulants or inhibitors of viral replication could lead to an amelioration of the secondary glomerulonephritis.