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The proatlas: a comprehensive review with clinical implications
Authors:Mitchel?Muhleman,Ordessia?Charran,Petru?Matusz,Mohammadali?M.?Shoja,R.?Shane?Tubbs,Marios?Loukas  author-information"  >  author-information__contact u-icon-before"  >  mailto:mloukas@sgu.edu"   title="  mloukas@sgu.edu"   itemprop="  email"   data-track="  click"   data-track-action="  Email author"   data-track-label="  "  >Email author
Affiliation:(1) Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, St George’s University, Grenada, West Indies;(2) Department of Anatomy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania;(3) Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA;(4) Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;(5) Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, AL, USA;(6) Department of Anatomy, Medical School Varmia and Mazuria, Olsztyn, Poland;
Abstract:

Background  

The proatlas is derived from the fourth occipital sclerotome in human embryos. It usually fuses with the three upper occipital sclerotomes to form the occipital bone. However, this does not always occur. Manifestations of a partial proatlas structure may persist due to failure of fusion.
Keywords:
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