Postnatal growth of the carotid body

The size of the carotid body (CB) is increased significantly during the postnatal period. Type I cells in the CB are the chemoreceptive element and possess many neuron-like characteristics. In contrast to previous opinions that the number of type I cells is determined before birth, we have found that type I cells continue to proliferate over a period of at least 1 month after birth in rats. The proliferation of type I cells is influenced by oxygen concentration in ambient air. Specifically, hyperoxia inhibits the type I cell proliferation, resulting in small CBs throughout life and the permanent impairment of CB chemoreception. On the other hand, hypoxia enhances the type I cell proliferation. Whether hypoxia causes long-lasting effects on CB morphology and function remains to be determined. Besides type I cell proliferation, other cellular components in the CB undergo proliferation and growth as well. In the nearby petrosal ganglion and superior cervical ganglion, both involved in CB chemoreception, cellular proliferation is limited to glial cells and no proliferation of neurons is observed. Also, expression of neurotrophic factors, particularly, BDNF and GDNF, is observed in type I cells of neonatal rats. Taken together, the CB undergoes significant morphological and functional changes during the postnatal period over at least 1 month. This process can be altered by oxygen concentration in ambient air.