Human Biomonitoring of T-2 Toxin,T-2 Toxin-3-Glucoside and Their Metabolites in Urine through High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry |
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| Authors: | Alfonso Narvá ez,Luana Izzo,Noelia Pallaré s,Luigi Castaldo,Yelko Rodrí guez-Carrasco,Alberto Ritieni |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (A.N.); (L.I.); (L.C.); (A.R.);2.Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; |
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| Abstract: | The metabolic profile of T-2 toxin (T-2) and its modified form T-2-3-glucoside (T-2-3-Glc) remain unexplored in human samples. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the presence of T-2, T-2-3-Glc and their respective major metabolites in human urine samples (n = 300) collected in South Italy through an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to Q-Orbitrap-HRMS methodology. T-2 was quantified in 21% of samples at a mean concentration of 1.34 ng/mg Crea (range: 0.22–6.54 ng/mg Crea). Almost all the major T-2 metabolites previously characterized in vitro were tentatively found, remarking the occurrence of 3′-OH-T-2 (99.7%), T-2 triol (56%) and HT-2 (30%). Regarding T-2-3-Glc, a low prevalence of the parent mycotoxin (1%) and its metabolites were observed, with HT-2-3-Glc (17%) being the most prevalent compound, although hydroxylated products were also detected. Attending to the large number of testing positive for T-2 or its metabolites, this study found a frequent exposure in Italian population. |
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| Keywords: | human biomonitoring biomarkers metabolites high-resolution mass spectrometry urine T-2 toxin exposure |
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