延髓背外侧综合征所致吞咽障碍的特点及相关机制

目的观察延髓背外侧综合征造成机体吞咽障碍的特点，并探讨其相关机制。方法采取横断面方式研究，对12例延髓背外侧综合征患者的吞咽功能进行临床评估及电视透视检查，观察其临床表现及电视透视下吞咽生理改变特点；同时记录患者出院及随访3个月时的吞咽功能恢复情况。结果12例患者临床吞咽障碍包括饮水、进食咽下困难、咳嗽及清嗓动作，急性期不能经口进食，需要鼻饲摄入营养；口期吞咽损伤者7例，仅表现为软腭上抬减弱，剩余患者未见明显口期损伤；12例患者咽期均有明显异常，10例患者喉上提幅度降低及无效吞咽，8例患者吞咽启动延迟。电视透视检查显示，患者口期吞咽均未见明显损伤，9例患者喉结构上抬幅度明显减弱，10例患者环咽肌打开不能，2例患者打开不全，12例患者喉穿透等。经系统吞咽康复治疗后，共有11例患者经平均治疗36d（13～50d）后拔除鼻饲导管恢复经口进食；3个月后饮食习惯与发病前一致。本研究中，病史为3年的患者经治疗后未能恢复经口进食。结论延髓背外侧综合征造成的吞咽困难多数（9／12）以喉上提明显减弱为主要特征，致使环咽肌打开不全／不能；少数患者（3／12）以环咽肌顺应性降低为主要特征，喉上提幅度尚充分。延髓背外侧综合征患者经早期康复治疗可获得良好预后，如延误治疗时机则疗效欠佳。

The characteristics and mechanisms of dysphagia in patients with dorsolateral medullary syndrome

Objective To explore the characteristics and mechanisms of dysphagia in patients with dorsola-teral medullary syndrome ( DMS). Methods Twelve DMS patients were evaluated clinically and submitted to videofluoroscopic study in order to investigate clinical manifestations and the pathophysiological changes in swallowing. Swallowing function was recorded at discharge and during a three-month follow-up period. Results All patients had difficulties in swallowing and drinking, presenting coughing and throat clearing, and needed nasogastric feeding at admission. Insufficient soft palate elevation was observed in seven patients, who had no other oral phase dysfunction. The pharyngeal phase was injured in all patients. Decreased larynx elevation and invalid swallowing were observed in 10 patients. Delayed pharyngeal swallowing was seen in 8 patients. Under videofluoroscopy, 9 patients showed significantly decreased larynx elevation. Ten patients opened the cricopharyngeal muscles insufficiently, while two could not open at all. Larynx penetration was seen in all patients. Eleven patients were able to return to oral feeding, after 36 days on average (range 13 - 50 d). The patients with a disease history of 3 or more years could not return to oral feeding. Conclusion DMS patients are characterized by decreased larynx elevation and reduced compliance of the cricopharyngeal muscles. Early therapy may provide patients with a good prognosis.