Developmental changes in brain activation and functional connectivity during response inhibition in the early childhood brain |
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| Authors: | Jan Mehnert Atae Akhrif Silke Telkemeyer Sonja Rossi Christoph H. Schmitz Jens Steinbrink Isabell Wartenburger Hellmuth Obrig Susanne Neufang |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Berlin NeuroImaging Center, Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany;2. Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;3. Department of Machine Learning, Institute of Technology, Franklinstrasse 28/29, 10587 Berlin, Germany;4. Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstrasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany;6. Languages of Emotion Cluster of Excellence, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany;g Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany;h NIRx Medizintechnik GmbH, Baumbachstrasse 17, 13189 Berlin, Germany;i Center for Stroke Research, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10115 Berlin, Germany;j Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, Liebigstrasse 16, 04103 Leipzig, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Response inhibition is an attention function which develops relatively early during childhood. Behavioral data suggest that by the age of 3, children master the basic task requirements for the assessment of response inhibition but performance improves substantially until the age of 7. The neuronal mechanisms underlying these developmental processes, however, are not well understood. In this study, we examined brain activation patterns and behavioral performance of children aged between 4 and 6 years compared to adults by applying a go/no-go paradigm during near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) brain imaging. We furthermore applied task-independent functional connectivity measures to the imaging data to identify maturation of intrinsic neural functional networks. We found a significant group × condition related interaction in terms of inhibition-related reduced right fronto–parietal activation in children compared to adults. In contrast, motor-related activation did not differ between age groups. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that in the children’s group, short-range coherence within frontal areas was stronger, and long-range coherence between frontal and parietal areas was weaker, compared to adults. Our findings show that in children aged from 4 to 6 years fronto–parietal brain maturation plays a crucial part in the cognitive development of response inhibition. |
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| Keywords: | Optical tomography NIRS Response inhibition Functional connectivity Development Early childhood |
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