Fear,Helplessness, and Horror in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Investigating DSM-IV Criterion A2 in Victims of Violent Crime |
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| Authors: | Chris R Brewin Bernice Andrews Suzanna Rose |
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| Institution: | (1) Subdepartment of Clinical Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, England;(2) Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, England |
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| Abstract: | A DSM-IV diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) required for the first time that individuals must report experiencing intense fear, helplessness, or horror at the time of the trauma. In a longitudinal study of 138 victims of violent crime, we investigated whether reports of intense trauma-related emotions characterized individuals who, after 6 months, met criteria for PTSD according to the DSM-III-R. We found that intense levels of all 3 emotions strongly predicted later PTSD. However, a small number of those who later met DSM-III-R or ICD criteria for PTSD did not report intense emotions at the time of the trauma. They did, however, report high levels of either anger with others or shame. |
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| Keywords: | PTSD crime fear helplessness horror |
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