The association between smoking cessation before and after diagnosis and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrence: a prospective cohort study |
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| Authors: | Frits H. M. van Osch Sylvia H. J. Jochems Raoul C. Reulen Sarah J. Pirrie Duncan Nekeman Anke Wesselius Nicholas D. James D. Michael A. Wallace K. K. Cheng Frederik J. van Schooten Richard T. Bryan Maurice P. Zeegers |
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| Affiliation: | 1.Unit of Nutritional and Cancer Epidemiology, Chairgroup of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM),Maastricht University,Maastricht,The Netherlands;2.Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences,University of Birmingham,Birmingham,UK;3.Department of Public Health and Epidemiology,University of Birmingham,Birmingham,UK;4.University Hospital Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust,Birmingham,UK;5.Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM),Maastricht University,Maastricht,The Netherlands;6.Chairgroup of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPRHI),Maastricht University,Maastricht,The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundSmoking is a major risk factor for bladder cancer, but the relationship between smoking cessation after initial treatment and bladder cancer recurrence has been investigated less frequently and not prospectively yet.Methods722 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients (pTa, pT1, and CIS) from the prospective Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme (BCPP) cohort, selected in the UK between 2005 and 2011, provided complete data on smoking behavior before and up to 5 years after diagnosis. The impact of smoking behavior on NMIBC recurrence was explored by multivariable Cox regression models investigating time-to-first NMIBC recurrence.ResultsOver a median follow-up period of 4.21 years, 403 pathologically confirmed NMIBC recurrences occurred in 210 patients. Only 25 current smokers at diagnosis quit smoking (14%) during follow-up and smoking cessation after diagnosis did not decrease risk of recurrence compared to continuing smokers (p?=?0.352).ConclusionsAlthough quitting smoking after diagnosis might reduce the risk of recurrence based on retrospective evidence, this is not confirmed in this prospective study because the number of NMIBC patients quitting smoking before their first recurrence was too low. Nevertheless, this indicates an important role for urologists and other health care professionals in promoting smoking cessation in NMIBC. |
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