The Relationship Between Air Pollution and Lung Cancer in Nonsmokers in Taiwan |
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| Authors: | Chien-Hua Tseng Ben-Jei Tsuang Chun-Ju Chiang Kai-Chen Ku Jeng-Sen Tseng Tsung-Ying Yang Kuo-Hsuan Hsu Kun-Chieh Chen Sung-Liang Yu Wen-Chung Lee Tsang-Wu Liu Chang-Chuan Chan Gee-Chen Chang |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan;2. Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;3. Department of Environmental Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan;4. Taiwan Cancer Registry, Taipei, Taiwan;5. Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan;6. Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan;7. Division of Critical Care and Respiratory Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan;8. Department of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan;9. National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan;10. Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan;11. Comprehensive Cancer Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | IntroductionFor never-smokers (smoked <100 lifetime cigarettes), lung cancer (LC) has emerged as an important issue. We aimed to investigate the effects of prevalence changes in tobacco smoking and particulate matter (PM) 2.5 (PM2.5) levels on LC in Taiwan, in relation to contrasting PM2.5 levels, between Northern Taiwan (NT) and Southern Taiwan (ST).MethodsWe reviewed 371,084 patients with LC to assess smoking prevalence and correlations between the incidence of adenocarcinoma lung cancer (AdLC) and non-AdLC. Two subsets were selected to assess different AdLC stage trends and the effect of PM2.5 on survival of patients with AdLC.ResultsFrom 1995 to 2015, the proportion of male adult ever-smokers decreased from 59.4% to 29.9% whereas the female smoking rate remained low (3.2% to 5.3%). AdLC incidence in males and females increased from 9.06 to 23.25 and 7.05 to 24.22 per 100,000 population, respectively. Since 1993, atmospheric visibility in NT improved (from 7.6 to 11.5 km), but deteriorated in ST (from 16.3 to 4.2 km). The annual percent change in AdLC stages IB to IV was 0.3% since 2009 (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.9%–2.6%) in NT, and 4.6% since 2007 (95% CI: 3.3%–5.8%) in ST; 53% patients with LC had never smoked. Five-year survival rates for never-smokers, those with EGFR wild-type genes, and female patients with AdLC were 12.6% in NT and 4.5% in ST (hazard ratio: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70–0.90).ConclusionsIn Taiwan, greater than 50% of patients with LC had never smoked. PM2.5 level changes can affect AdLC incidence and patient survival. |
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| Keywords: | smoking air pollution particulate matter lung adenocarcinoma population attributable fractions |
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