Induced toxicity in early-life stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) and its behavioral analysis after exposure to non-doped,nitrogen-doped and nitrogen,sulfur-co doped carbon quantum dots |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Laboratory of Zoology, Biological Applications and Technology Department, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece;2. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110, Greece;1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China;2. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Haifeng Street 1301, Tiexi Dist, Siping, 136000, China;1. School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, Guangdong, PR China;2. School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China;3. Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China;1. Key Laboratory of Reservoir Aquatic Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China;2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. Department of Chemistry and the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou Universtiy, Guangzhou 510006, China;3. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;4. The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China |
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| Abstract: | In this study, the effects of doping of CQDs with alternative functional groups (dopants) were evaluated through embryonic development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The CQDs were synthesized using simple and low-cost sources: Non-doped (citric acid was used as the carbon source), nitrogen-doped (N-doped) and nitrogen, sulfur-co-doped (N,S-doped). The CQDs induced significant toxicity to zebrafish (>150 μg/mL) and the toxic effects were dose-dependent. The N,S-doped CQDs were the most toxic (LD50 = 149.92 μg/mL), followed by the N-doped CQDs (LD50 = 399.95 μg/mL) while the non-doped CQDs were the least toxic (LD50 = 548.48 μg/mL) of the three. The growth rate (GR) was affected following the toxicity pattern (GRNS-dopedN-dopednon-doped blanc), which, in turn, greatly depends on the type of dopant. Morphological malformations, such as pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, tail and spinal curvature were observed to zebrafish embryos as the toxicity, concentration and exposure time to the nanomaterial increased. Behavioral analysis showed that locomotor activity increases as the toxicity of the nanomaterial rises. The differences in toxicity, growth rate and malfunctions of CQDs were attributed to their doping with different heteroatoms. The N,S-doped CQDs, unequivocally, exhibited the most pronounced effects. |
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| Keywords: | Carbon quantum dots Zebrafish Nanomaterials Zebrafish embryo toxicity test |
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