Widespread Cortical Thinning Is a Robust Anatomical Marker for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder |
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| Authors: | Katherine L Narr Roger P Woods James Lin John Kim Owen R Phillips Melissa Del'Homme Rochelle Caplan Arthur W Toga James T McCracken Jennifer G Levitt |
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| Institution: | 1. Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Bethesda, MD;2. George Washington University, Washington, DC;3. Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH;1. Psychology Department, Stanford University, CA, USA;2. Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, CA, USA;3. Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, CA, USA;1. Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia;2. Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia;3. University of Oregon, Eugene;4. School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia;1. Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), and with the Intramural Program of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH);2. School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Sant''Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy;3. Child Psychiatry Branch at NIMH;4. Behavioral Research Branch at NHGRI and the Intramural Program and Child Psychiatry Branch of NIMH;5. Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada;6. Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada;1. Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands;2. Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands;3. Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands;4. Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands;5. Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA;6. Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands;7. QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia;8. NICHE-lab, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands;9. Neurobehavioral Clinical Research Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA;10. Asociación para la Innovación en Análisis, Gestión y Procesamiento de Datos Científicos y Tecnológicos, Barcelona, Spain;11. Child Neuropsychology Section, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany;12. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany;13. JARA Translational Brain Medicine, Research Center Juelich, Aachen, Germany;14. Department of Psychiatry and Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;15. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA;p. Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;q. Psychiatry, Region Zealand, Denmark;r. Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children''s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA;s. Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA;t. Departments of Neurosciences and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA;u. UCSD Center for Translational Imaging and Precision Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA;v. Department of Cognitive Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA;w. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany;x. Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical Sociology and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;y. Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;z. Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;11. Department of Psychiatry, University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;12. The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA;13. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King''s College London, London, UK;14. Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King''s College London, London, UK;15. Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King''s College London, London, UK;16. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany;17. D''Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;18. Institute of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;19. Morphological Sciences Program, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;110. Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA;111. Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;112. Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;113. Neuroscience Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;114. ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;115. Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Dublin, Ireland;1p. Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA;1q. Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA;1r. Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA;1s. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany;1t. Department of Translational Neuroscience, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands;1u. Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany;1v. Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, Radiology, and Center for Human Development, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA;1w. KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;1x. Department of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway;1y. Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway;1z. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Capital Region, Denmark;21. Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway;22. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;23. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA;24. Clinical and Research Programs in Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;25. Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, Netherlands;26. Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands;27. Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands;28. Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain;29. Fundació IMIM, Barcelona, Spain;210. Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d''Hebron, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain;211. Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA;212. National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA;1. Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London;2. Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London;3. The Anna Freud Centre, London, London;4. School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom;5. Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland;6. Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study sought to confirm the presence and regional profile of previously reported changes in laminar cortical thickness in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared with typically developing control subjects.MethodHigh-resolution magnetic resonance images were obtained from 22 (19 male and 3 female subjects; mean age 11.7 years) children and adolescents with ADHD and 22 age- and sex-matched control subjects (mean age 11.7 years). Brain tissue volumes were estimated for each subject. Cortical pattern matching methods were used to sample measures of laminar thickness at high spatial frequency across homologous regions of the cortex. Volume and thickness measures were compared across diagnostic groups with and without controlling for general intelligence. False discovery rate correction confirmed regional results.ResultsThe subjects with ADHD exhibited significant reductions in overall brain volume, gray matter volume, and mean cortical thickness compared with the controls, whereas white matter volumes were significantly increased in ADHD. Highly significant cortical thinning (false discovery rate-corrected p < .0006) was observed over large areas of the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital association cortices and aspects of motor cortex but not within the primary sensory regions.ConclusionsCortical thickness reductions present a robust neuroanatomical marker for child and adolescent ADHD. Observations of widespread cortical thinning expand on earlier cross-sectional findings and provide further evidence to support that the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD extend beyond prefrontal and subcortical circuits. |
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