Bloodstain examination and DNA typing from hand-washed bloodstains on clothes |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Forensic Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan;2. National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan;3. Department of Forensic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama, Saitama 350-0495, Japan;1. Research and Education Faculty, Medical Sciences Cluster, Health Service Center, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan;2. Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan;3. Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan;4. Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan;5. Department of Rehabilitation, Shimane University Hospital, Shimane, Japan;6. Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan;7. Fujita Hospital, Fukui, Japan;8. Research and Education Faculty, Humanities and Social Science Cluster, Education Unit, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan;9. Takeichi Clinic, Hiroshima, Japan;10. Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan;11. Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan;12. Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan;1. Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;2. Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Ltd., P.O. Box 29-181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand;3. Impact and Amour Group, Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield University at the Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, SN6 8LA, United Kingdom;4. Oral Sciences, Discipline of Periodontics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;1. Departments of Forensic Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan;2. Hygiene Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan;1. Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;2. Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Ltd, PO Box 29-181, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand;3. Impact and Amour Group, Centre for Defence Engineering, Cranfield Defence and Security, Cranfield University, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, Shrivenham, Oxfordshire SN6 8LA, United Kingdom;4. Oral Sciences, Discipline of Periodontics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;1. Key Laboratory of Evidence Science (China University of Political Science and Law), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100088, China;2. Forensic Medical Examination & Identification Center of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing 100085, China;3. MPS’s Key Laboratory of Forensic Genetics, National Engineering Laboratory for Crime Scene Evidence Investigation and Examination, Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security (MPS), Beijing 100038, China |
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| Abstract: | We investigated whether bloodstain examination and DNA typing can be performed on washed bloodstains on clothes. Blood was dropped onto T-shirts made from 100% cotton or 100% polyester. After drying, the T-shirts were hand-washed with handwashing soap, dishwashing detergent, laundry detergent, soap, or just water until the bloodstains could not be seen. After drying the T-shirts, DNA and RNA were extracted simultaneously from the bloodstained areas using commercial kits. RNA was reverse-transcribed to DNA, and then the detection of the mRNAs for HBB, ACTB, and 18S rRNA was examined. DNA was quantified via real-time PCR, and then STR typing was performed with a commercial kit. The luminol and leucomalachite green tests were used as preliminary bloodstain tests, and an immuno-chromatography kit was used to identify human bloodstains. DNA could be extracted from all washed bloodstains, but more DNA was extracted from cotton T-shirts than from polyester T-shirts. STR typing was successful for all bloodstains without issues such as PCR inhibition. In the human bloodstain identification test using mRNA, almost all bloodstains produced a Ct value for HBB and all bloodstains produced a Ct value for 18S rRNA, whereas few bloodstains produced a Ct value for ACTB. All bloodstains reacted positively to luminol, but some were negative for leucomalachite green. Most of the bloodstains did not react positively in the human bloodstain identification test using the immuno-chromatography kit. The results suggest that human bloodstain identification and DNA typing can still be performed after clothes with bloodstains are washed. |
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| Keywords: | Hand washing Bloodstain Preliminary bloodstain test Human-bloodstain identification STR typing |
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