Multitargeted C9-substituted ester and ether derivatives of berberrubine for Alzheimer's disease: Design,synthesis, biological evaluation,metabolic stability,and pharmacokinetics

Berberrubine is a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid and a bioactive metabolite of berberine. Berberine exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities, including cholinesterase inhibition. The cholinesterase inhibitors provide symptomatic treatment for Alzheimer's disease; however, multitarget-directed ligands have the potential as disease-modifying therapeutics. Herein, we prepared a series of C9-substituted berberrubine derivatives intending to discover dual cholinesterase and beta-site amyloid-precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors. Most synthesized derivatives possessed balanced dual inhibition (AChE and BChE) activity in the submicromolar range and a moderate inhibition against BACE-1. Two most active ester derivatives, 12a and 11d , display inhibition of AChE, BChE, and BACE-1. The 3-methoxybenzoyl ester derivative, 12a , inhibits electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EeAChE), equine serum butyrylcholinesterase (eqBChE), and human hBACE-1 with IC₅₀ values of 0.5, 4.3, and 11.9 μM, respectively and excellent BBB permeability (P_e = 8 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s). The ester derivative 12a is metabolically unstable; however, its ether analog 13 is stable in HLM and exhibits inhibition of AChE, BChE, and BACE-1 with IC₅₀ values of 0.44, 3.8, and 17.9 μM, respectively. The ether analog also inhibits self-aggregation of Aβ and crosses BBB (P_e = 7.3 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s). Administration of 13 at 5 mg/kg (iv) in Wistar rats showed excellent plasma exposure with AUC_0−∞ of 28,834 ng min/ml. In conclusion, the multitargeted berberrubine ether derivative 13 is CNS permeable and has good ADME properties.