Effect of walking speed during gait in water of healthy elderly |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering «Guglielmo Marconi», University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 2, Bologna, Italy;2. Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research in Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Tolara di Sopra 41/E, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy;3. Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Corso D''Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;4. School of Pharmacy, Biotechnology and Sport Science, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 10, Bologna, Italy;5. Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, via del Pilastro 8, Bologna, Italy;1. Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy;2. Centro Studi Attività Motorie, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy;3. Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Units, ICS Maugeri SPA SB, Institute of Pavia, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy;1. Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada;2. Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network, Lyndhurst Centre, 520 Sutherland Drive, Toronto, ON, M4G 3V9, Canada;3. Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Room 407, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada;4. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Donadeo Innovation Centre for Engineering, 9211-116 Street NW, Room 10-368, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada;5. Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Rua Galvão Bueno, 868, 13o. andar, Bloco B, Liberdade, Sao Paulo, SP, 01506-000, Brazil;6. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Caixa Postal 476 – Campus Universitário – Trindade, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Santa Catarina, Brazil;7. Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada;1. Kadoorie Centre for Critical Care Research and Education, John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;2. Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Physiotherapy Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, N-5020, Norway;3. Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK;1. Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Japan;2. Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka General Medical Center, Japan;3. Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham Women''s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States;1. Laboratory of Biomechanics and Clinical Epidemiology, PAIFIT Research Group, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil;2. Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Colegiado de Educação Física, Petrolina, PE, Brazil;3. Faculdade Assis Gurgacz, Cascavel, PR, Brazil;4. Instituto Federal do Paraná, Londrina, PR, Brazil;5. Institute of Nursing and Health Research, School of Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK;6. Sports Sciences Department, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil;7. Aquatic Physical Therapy Center “Prof. Paulo A. Seibert”, University Hospital, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil |
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| Abstract: | BackgroundWalking in water (WW) is frequently used as an aquatic exercise in rehabilitation programs for the elderly. Understanding gait characteristics of WW is of primary importance to effectively design specific water-based rehabilitation programs. Moreover, as walking speed in water is reduced with a possible effect on gait parameters, the age- and environment-related changes during WW have to be investigated considering the effects of instantaneous walking speed. Research question: how do gait kinematic characteristics differ in healthy elderly between WW and on land walking condition (LW)? Do elderly show different walking patterns compared to young adults? Can these kinematic changes be accounted only by the different environment/age or are they also related to walking speed?MethodsNine healthy elderly participants (73.5 ± 5.8 years) were acquired during walking in WW and LW at two different speeds. Kinematic parameters were assessed with waterproofed inertial magnetic sensors using a validated protocol. The influence of environment, age and walking speed on gait parameters was investigated with linear mixed models.ResultsShorter stride distances and longer stride durations were observed in WW compared to LW. In the sagittal plane, hip and knee joint showed larger flexion in WW (>10deg over the whole stride and ∼28deg at foot strike, respectively). Furthermore, lower walking speeds and stride distances were observed in elderly compared to young adults. In the sagittal plane, a slightly more flexed hip joint and a less plantarflexed ankle joint (∼9 deg) were observed in the elderly. Significance: The results showed the importance of assessing the walking speed during WW, as gait parameters can vary not only for the effect environment but also due to different walking speeds. |
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| Keywords: | Ageing wearable inertial sensors aquatic exercise Joint kinematics Locomotion |
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