A three-dimensional color-printed system allowing complete modeling of arteriovenous malformations for surgical simulations

To develope a colored realistic AVM model using three-dimensional (3D) printing for surgical planning and research. Raw computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance venography (MRV) data were integrated and used for reconstruction. Each AVM model included the nidus, the feeding arteries, the draining veins, the sinuses, the adjacent principal arteries, and the skull. The models were employed to plan surgical and endovascular treatments. Surgical feedback was obtained using a survey. Five AVM cases were included. The AVMs and the models thereof did not differ significantly in terms of length, width, or height, as measured via magnetic resonance imaging (all p > 0.05). The 3D AVM models were thus accurate. The overall score on the questionnaire survey was >4 point; the model thus aided the planning of interventional surgery. All surgeons were confident that the 3D models reflected the true lesional boundaries. Our 3D-printed intracranial AVM models were accurate, and can be used for preoperative planning and training of residents. The models improved surgeons’ understanding of AVM structure, reducing operative time.