缬草挥发油成分分析及其含量影响因素探讨

目的 研究缬草挥发油的成分、有效组份及油含量的影响因素。方法 采集川、陕、鄂、湘各地不同海拔、土质、生长期，野生与栽培、鲜与干药材，以挥发油测定器测定挥发油含量；GC—MS联用及纯品叠加GC分析成分鉴定；溶剂提取分离纯萜烯与萜烯含氧衍生物；^84Rb摄入示踪法和体外试验考察缬草挥发油及其不同组份的增进心、肾营养血流和胃平滑肌解痉作用。结果 缬草药材含油量为0．2％～2．1％。挥发油中共检出46种成分，其中单萜类有莰烯等6种，占38．75％；倍半萜类有β-石竹烯等11种，占5．27％；单萜、倍半萜含氧衍生物龙脑醋酸酯、缬草烷酮等27种，占54．25％。含氧衍生物具有明显地增进心、肾组织微循环灌流及胃平滑肌解痉作用。结论 高海拔、肥沃砂质土壤生长的、秋后采集的鲜缬草含油量最高；油中主要的活性组份为单萜、倍半萜含氧衍生物。

Analysis of volatile oil of Valeriana officinalis and influence factors of its oil content

Object To study the chemical constituents,main active components of volatile oil of Valeriana officinalis L.and its influence factors of the oil content.Methods The content of volatile oil of wild or cultivated,moist or dry V.offcinalis collected from different altitudes,soils,and growth periods in Sichuan,Shaanxi,Hubei and Hunan Provinces was determined by volatile oil detector.The components were identified by GC-MS and GC combined with pure sample.Terpenes and their oxo-derivatives were extracted and isolated by solvents.The effects of volatile oil and its different components of V.officinalis on improving the nutritions of heart and kindney blood flow and promoting spasmolysis of stomach smooth muscle were observed by ⁸⁶Rb isotopic tracer determination and external experiments.Results The oil content of V.officinalis was 0.2%-2.1%.From the volatile oil 46 chemical components,which included six types of compound like camphene of monoterpenes(38.7%),11 types of compound like β-caryophyhene of sesquiterpenes(5.27%),and 27 types of oxo-derivatives of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes compound like bornyl acetate and valeranone(54.25%) etc.were identified.The oxo-derivatives have significant effects on improving perfusion of cardiac and renal tissue microcirculation and promoting spasmolysis of stomach smooth muscle.Conclusion The oil content of fresh V.officinalis growing in high altitudes and fertile sandy soil and collected after autumn is the highest of all.The main active components of the volatile oil are oxo-derivatives of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.