Diabetes and insulin resistance in pediatric obesity

Over the past 2 decades, the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents has risen to epidemic proportions and disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities, who are at greater risk. The pathophysiology of T2DM is complex and involves insulin resistance, pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and visceral adiposity. Current treatments of T2DM are limited to lifestyle intervention, metformin, and insulin therapy; use of these strategies in combination is often most effective. The role of research is to uncover simple biomarkers for insulin sensitivity and optimal and innovative treatment of insulin resistance and T2DM.