Effects of Areca Nut Extract on Lipopolysaccharides‐Enhanced Adhesion and Migration of Human Mononuclear Leukocytes

Background: Areca chewers have a higher prevalence of periodontitis than non‐chewers. Cell adhesion and movement (migration) are important for leukocyte recruitment to inflammation sites. This study investigates the effects of areca nut extract (ANE) on the adhesion and migration abilities of the human immune cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The combined effects of nicotine and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) were also analyzed. Methods: Purified PBMCs obtained from healthy adults were treated with ANE, nicotine, and/or LPS. Cell adhesion ability was examined using fibronectin‐coated microslides, Liu stain, and light microscopy. Cell migration ability was evaluated using the transwell system followed by staining and fluorescence microscopy. Statistical difference was analyzed using the Mann‐Whitney U test. Results: When compared with the media‐treated control samples, PBMCs treated with ANE for 4 hours showed a significant reduction of the adherent cells on the microslides. Interestingly, LPS treatment increased cell adhesion, which could be reduced by simultaneous ANE plus nicotine treatment. The chemotactic migration of PBMCs was reduced by ANE treatment for 1, 4, or 24 hours in a dose‐dependent manner. LPS treatment increased PBMC migration, which could be reduced by simultaneous treatment with ANE or with ANE plus nicotine. Conclusions: ANE reduced the adhesion and migration abilities of PBMC. ANEs, with or without nicotine, also attenuated the migration of LPS‐stimulated PBMCs. The results implicated that the immune cell functions were impaired in areca chewers, which might increase the host susceptibility to oral and periodontal infection.