A Time-Related Study of the Hemodynamic Benefit of Atrioventricular Synchronous Pacing Evaluated by Doppler Echocardiography

We have used Doppler echocardiography to estimate the stroke volume (SV) in a study of 13 patients equipped with DDD pacemakers. SV was measured both during DDD and VVI pacing after observation times of 1,3,6, and 12 months of DDD pacing. SV was also measured at seven atrioventricular (AV) intervals (75-250 ms) in the search for optimal AV intervals. Mitral flow velocity was investigated to see if DDD pacing resulted in synchronous atrial contraction, and if mitral insufficiency existed at any of the pacing modes. Compared with the VVI mode, DDD pacing resulted in a mean increase in SV of 21 +/- 2% for the four observation periods. Two patients with severe left ventricular failure had no significant increase in SV during DDD vs VVI pacing. In each patient, an optimal AV interval ranging between 100-250 ms for the SV was found. Velocity profiles of mitral flow showed synchronous atrial contraction during DDD pacing, but not during VVI pacing. Mitral insufficiency was not seen in any pacing mode. DDD pacing resulted in a reduction in SV during the first 6 months, and was constant thereafter. Doppler echocardiography can be used repeatedly to evaluate the hemodynamic response of DDD pacing vs VVI pacing, and to find which AV interval gives the highest SV in the individual patient. Our study further shows that the hemodynamic benefit of DDD pacing is present after short-term as well as after long-term DDD pacing.