中医外科学的起源及形成

对中医外科学的起源和形成历史，进行了概略而系统的讨论。认为：处理外科疾病是人类最早的医事活动之一，中医外科学起源于商周时期，初步形成了春秋，战国和秦汉六朝时期，经验不断积累于隋唐时期，不断完善和发展于宋金元形时期。     

股骨干骨折内固定术后不愈合27例分析

报告股骨干骨折切开复位内固定术后不愈合27例。其中，17例钢板固定者，只4例符合要求，9例髓内针固定者，有5例针短小。尚伴有固定方法，钢板或髓内针断裂，以及感染等方面原因有。本组再手术26例1次手术治愈，1例2次手术治愈。绝大部分经带蒂骨皮质剥离^[1]和坚强内固定术后而愈合，不需植骨。产生骨折不愈合的诸因素中，以忽视内固定的基本原则与术中操作不当为主。     

Multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma: an experience of clinical management for 31 cases

In order to increase our knowledge and understanding about multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma (MCRCC), including diagnosis, surgical management, pathologic and prognostic characteristics, clinical data of patients who suffered with MCRCC were reviewed retrospectively. From 1998 to 2005, among 770 patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at our institute, 31 cases (4.0%) were identified as MCRCC. The average age of patients suffered with RCC and MCRCC was 58.1 ± 3.6 and 45.9 ± 2.7, respectively (P < 0.01), whereas the gender ratio of male to female in RCC and MCRCC is 2.12:1 and 2.88:1(P < 0.01). Surprisingly, 28 of those 31 renal masses (90.3%) were first discovered on the radiographic image, and the size of tumors in maximum diameter ranged from 1.7 to 11.0 cm (mean 4.1 ± 2.2 cm). All those patients were treated with open nephrectomy, including 21 radical and 10 partial. The stages of tumor were classified as pT1N0M0, pT2N0M0, and pT3bN0M0 following the 1997 criteria of tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification in the number of 27(87.1%), 3(9.7%) and 1(3.2%), respectively. By contrast, according to the tumor nuclear grading system, those tumors were classified as Grades 1 and 2 in 13 (42%) and 18 patients (58%), respectively. Only 29 cases from those patients have been followedup for a period of 9 to 81 months so far (mean 32.6 ± 11), while no tumor recurrence occurred except for 1 case who died of causes other than MCRCC. In general, MCRCC is a frequent subtype of RCC in the clinic. A nephron-sparing procedure should be considered in the preoperative plan when a complex multicystic renal mass with enhanced density is observed.     

Robotic Partial Nephrectomy with Superselective Versus Main Artery Clamping: A Retrospective Comparison

Background

Concerns have been raised regarding partial nephrectomy (PN) techniques that do not occlude the main renal artery.

Objective

Compare the perioperative outcomes of superselective versus main renal artery control during robotic PN.

Design, setting, and participants

A retrospective analysis of 121 consecutive patients undergoing robotic PN using superselective control (group 1, n = 58) or main artery clamping (group 2, n = 63).

Intervention

Group 1 underwent tumor-specific devascularization, maintaining ongoing arterial perfusion to the renal remnant at all times. Group 2 underwent main renal artery clamping, creating global renal ischemia.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Perioperative and functional data were evaluated. The Pearson chi-square or Fisher exact and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used.

Results and limitations

All robotic procedures were successful, all surgical margins were negative, and no kidneys were lost. Compared with group 2 tumors, group 1 tumors were larger (3.4 vs 2.6 cm, p = 0.004), more commonly hilar (24% vs 6%, p = 0.009), and more complex (PADUA 10 vs 8, p = 0.009). Group 1 patients had longer median operative time (p < 0.001) and transfusion rates (24% vs 6%, p < 0.01) but similar estimated blood loss (200 vs 150 ml), perioperative complications (15% vs 13%), and hospital stay. Group 1 patients had less decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate at discharge (0% vs 11%, p = 0.01) and at last follow-up (11% vs 17%, p = 0.03). On computed tomography volumetrics, group 1 patients trended toward greater parenchymal preservation (95% vs 90%, p = 0.07) despite larger tumor size and volume (19 vs 8 ml, p = 0.002). Main limitations are the retrospective study design, small cohort, and short follow-up.

Conclusions

Robotic PN with superselective vascular control enables tumor excision without any global renal ischemia. Blood loss, complications, and positive margin rates were low and similar to main artery clamping. In this initial developmental phase, limitations included more perioperative transfusions and longer operative time. The advantage of superselective clamping for better renal function preservation requires validation by prospective randomized studies.

Patient summary

Preserving global blood flow to the kidney during robotic partial nephrectomy (PN) does not lead to a higher complication rate and may lead to better postoperative renal function compared with clamped PN techniques.     

后腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术治疗肾肿瘤

目的探讨后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术治疗肾肿瘤的可行性及临床效果。方法 2009年6月至2011年5月,共施行后腹腔镜保留肾单位手术21例,男13例,女8例,平均年龄43（21～58）岁。肿瘤均为单发,左侧12例,右侧9例,其中含孤立肾2例。肿瘤平均直径2.5（1.8～4.0）cm。7例良性肿瘤行剜除术,14例恶性肿瘤行楔形切除术。结果 21例手术均获成功。手术时间85～185min,中位数115min;肾脏热缺血时间17～29min,中位数25min。术中失血约55～450ml,中位数105ml。术中腹膜破裂2例,肾蒂周围小血管损伤出血3例,肾静脉破裂1例,术中即时缝合。术后病理示所有切缘均阴性。术后平均随访10（2～23）个月,全部无瘤生存,无1例局部复发或穿刺通道处发生种植转移。结论后腹腔镜保留肾单位术能安全、有效地治疗直径≤4.0cm的肾脏单发肿瘤。     

逆行经肝胆道引流在胆管结石手术中的应用

目的：探索可代替T管引流的手术方法。方法：对49例肝内外胆管结现人术中实施逆行经肝胆道引流术。其中37例逆行穿刺经右肝置管外引流;12例从肝胆管残端置管逆地引流。总胆管切口原位缝合关闭。结果：逆行穿刺引流术术后并发气胸及引流管出血各1例（5．4％）,术后平均第8天拔管。逆行经肝胆管残端置管引流乾术后残余结石4例,均经引流窦道取净。保留胆囊19例,术后造影,胆囊显影良好。术后随访6月－9年,B超检查无胆管狭窄及复发结石,保留的胆囊未形成结石。结果：逆行穿刺经肝胆道引流术后带管时间短,逆行经肝管残端引流对术后残余结石的处理较方便。两种引流术式对肝外胆管及保留的胆囊无不良影响。     

MSI服务规程及CNP在宫内节育器嵌顿与异位手术中的应用

目的：探讨玛丽斯特普（MSI）服务规程和临床护理路径（CNP）用于宫内节育器（IUD）嵌顿和异位取出术中的实施效果。方法：选择2005年1月～2008年9月140例IUD嵌顿和异位需要手术治疗而无手术禁忌证者,分为门诊手术治疗组60例（门诊A组）,对照组60例（门诊B组）,住院手术治疗组20例（住院A组）,并选择2000年1月～2004年12月20例IUD嵌顿和异位需要手术治疗而无手术禁忌证者作为对照组（住院B组）。治疗组应用MSI服务规程和CNP,对照组行常规护理。观察两组受术者的焦虑水平、住院天数、住院费用、健康知识掌握和满意度有无差异及统计学意义。结果：治疗组术后焦虑水平明显低于对照组,治疗组住院天数为（8.5±1.5）d,对照组为（11.5±4.5）d,治疗组住院费用为（1800±180）元,对照组为（2600±350）元,治疗组受术者健康知识掌握评分为（27.5±4.1）分,对照组为（20.2±3.6）分,治疗组满意度为100.0%,对照组满意度为80.5%。经统计学处理差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：MSI服务规程和CNP的应用降低了受术者的焦虑水平和住院费用,减少了住院天数,提高了受术者的健康意识和满意度。     

ⅢA期非小细胞肺癌手术前后化疗比较

目的：通过病例对比，研究手术前新辅助化疗及手术化疗对改善ⅢA期非小细胞肺癌患生存率的影响。方法：ⅢA期非小细胞肺癌患62例A组（32例）术前给予新辅助化疗，B组（30例）术后行辅助化疗，结果：中位生存时间A组29mo,B组27mo,A组1a生存率81．2％（26／32），2a生存率46．8％（15／32），3a生存率37．5％（12／32）；B组分别为83．3％（25／30），46．6％（14／30）和33．3％（10／30），A、B组相应指标比较，均无显性差异（P＞0．05），结论：术前新辅助化疗并不能改善ⅢA期非小细胞肺癌患术后1，2和3a生存率。