Total versus tube-related additional work of breathing in ventilator-dependent patients

BACKGROUND: In tracheally intubated or tracheostomized spontaneously breathing patients, tube resistance can highly increase the patient's work of breathing. In this study we focused upon the relationship between total (WOBtot) and tube-related additional inspiratory work of breathing (WOBadd) and compared different ventilatory modalities for proper tube compensation. METHODS: In ten tracheostomized spontaneously breathing patients we measured WOBtot and WOBadd in the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mode, under inspiratory pressure support of 5, 10, and 15 cmH2O in the pressure support ventilation (PSV) mode, and under flow-adjusted pressure support in the automatic tube compensation (ATC) mode. WOBadd and WOBtot were calculated on the basis of measured tracheal pressure and esophageal pressure, respectively. Inspiratory peak tracheal pressure above PEEP was taken as an estimate of pressure support beyond mere tube compensation (i.e., overcompensation). RESULTS: The percentage of the tube-related WOBadd on WOBtot in the CPAP mode was 52%. It decreased with increasing pressure support in the PSV mode from 32% (PSV 5 cmH2O) to 17% (PSV 15 cmH2O). WOBadd was only 15% of WOBtot in the ATC mode. In contrast to the other ventilatory modes, reduction of WOBadd in the ATC mode was achieved with the smallest amount of overcompensation, i.e. with minimal pressure assist beyond mere tube compensation. CONCLUSION: In tracheally intubated or tracheostomized spontaneously breathing patients, adequate compensation of tube resistance (i.e. with minimal overcompensation and minimal undercompensation) is best done by the ATC mode.     

我国医院进口(合资)药品依赖情况研究——基于2013-2019上半年全国药品采购面板数据

目的：掌握我国目前进口（合资）药品在临床使用情况和用药特征,了解当下临床对进口药品的依赖情况,为有针对性地降低对进口药品的依赖提供数据支持。方法：从通用名、剂型和规格三个层次对进口药品的国产替代性进行划分,然后分别从替代程度、批准文号数量、临床用量等角度对比分析2013－2019年上半年814家样本医院的进口药品与相应国产药品的使用情况。结果：进口药品在临床用量、占比上均呈上涨趋势,且在临床选择中处于优势地位;国产仿制药的批准文号仍存在着总量大、分配不均的情况;国产仿制药对进口药品的替代仍有待提高。结论：应重点推进通用名层面无国产替代品种的进口药的仿制药上市;同步提高国产仿制药对进口药品的临床替代;提高自主创新能力,鼓励国内企业研发满足我国临床需求的民族创新药。     

Elevated risk of death and major cardiovascular events in subjects with newly diagnosed diabetes: Findings from an administrative database

AimsTo investigate the incidence of major cardiovascular complications and mortality in the first years of follow-up in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.Methods and resultsWe examined incidence rates of hospitalization for cardiovascular reasons and death among new patients with diabetes using the administrative health database of the nine million inhabitants of Lombardy followed from 2002 to 2007. Age and sex-adjusted rates were calculated and hazard ratios (HR) were estimated with a matched population without diabetes of the same sex, age (±1 year) and general practitioner.There were 158,426 patients with newly diagnosed diabetes and 314,115 subjects without diabetes. Mean follow-up was 33.0 months (SD ± 17.5). 9.7% of patients with diabetes were hospitalized for cardiovascular events vs. 5.4% of subjects without diabetes; mortality rate was higher in patients with diabetes (7.7% vs. 4.4%). The estimated probability of hospitalization during the follow up was higher in patients with diabetes than in subjects without for coronary heart disease (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3–1.4), cerebrovascular disease (HR 1.3.95% CI 1.2–1.3), heart failure (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.3–1.4) as was mortality (HR 1.4, 95% CI 1.4–1.4).Younger patients with diabetes had a risk of death or hospital admission for cardio-cerebrovascular events similar to subjects without diabetes ten years older.ConclusionsThe elevated morbidity and mortality risks were clear since the onset of diabetes and rose over time. These data highlight the importance of prompt and comprehensive patients care in addition to anti-diabetic therapy in patients with newly diagnosed diabetes.     

Associations between labial and whole salivary flow rates,systemic diseases and medications in a sample of older people

Smidt D, Torpet LA, Nauntofte B, Heegaard KM, Pedersen AML. Associations between labial and whole salivary flow rates, systemic diseases and medications in a sample of older people. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 422–435. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Objective: To investigate the associations between age, gender, systemic diseases, medications and labial and whole salivary flow rates in older people. Methods: Unstimulated labial (LS) and unstimulated (UWS) and chewing‐stimulated (SWS) whole salivary flow rates were measured in 389 randomly selected community‐dwelling Danish women and 279 men aged 65–97 years. Systemic diseases, medications (coded according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System), tobacco and alcohol consumption were registered. Results: The number of diseases and medications was higher and UWS lower in the older age groups. On average, women were slightly older, had more diseases, higher medication intake and lower UWS, SWS and LS than men. High number of diseases and medications was associated with low UWS, SWS and LS. In the healthy (14%) and nonmedicated (19%) participants, flow rates were not associated with age and gender, apart from SWS being lower in nonmedicated women. Low UWS were associated with psychiatric and respiratory disorders, type 2 diabetes and intake of psycholeptics, psychoanaleptics (especially SRRIs), respiratory agents, oral antidiabetics (particularly sulfonylureas), magnesium‐hydroxide, cardiac agents, quinine, thiazides, calcium channel blockers, statins, urinary antispasmodics, glucosamine, NSAIDs, opioids and ophthalmologicals. SWS were lower in participants with ophthalmological disorders using ophthalmologicals (especially antiglaucoma agents and miotics), but also in those taking antidepressants, cardiac agents (mostly digitalis glycosides) and calcium channel blockers. Cardiovascular diseases and intake of anti‐thrombotics (mainly low dose aspirins), calcium channel blockers and oral antidiabetics were associated with low LS. Conclusions: In older people, low salivary flow rates are associated with specific and high number of diseases and medications, but neither with age and gender per se nor with tobacco and alcohol consumption. Low UWS are associated with more diseases and medications than SWS and LS, which were primarily associated with cardiovascular diseases and medications including preventive agents such as low‐dose aspirins and statins. New insights into medications and their association with salivary gland function were achieved using the ATC classification system.     

乳癌患者蒽环类药物化疗后心脏毒性的超声监测

目的:探讨超声监测乳癌患者蒽环类药物(ATC)化疗后心脏毒性的临床应用价值.方法:收集2006年6月至10月在本院住院的乳癌患者共72例,按是否接受化疗分为2组:对照组22例,未接受化疗;化疗组50例,又按化疗剂量分为2个亚组:低剂量化疗组25例,蒽环类药物化疗剂量≤150 mg/m2;中高剂量化疗组25例,蒽环类药物化疗剂量＞150 mg/m2.均进行超声心动图检测左房内径(dLA),左室内径(dLD),右室内径(dRV),右心房上下径和左右径,室间隔舒张末厚度(lIVS),左室后壁舒张末厚度(lLVPW),左心室射血分数(LVEF),二尖瓣口舒张期E峰、A峰速度之比(E/A),Tei指数.结果:各房室内径、室间隔及左室后壁厚度3组差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).以E/A＜1为异常标准,对照组正常,低剂量化疗组、中高剂量化疗组分别有2例(8%)、8例(32%)有舒张功能指标E/A的异常.各组间LVEF差异均无统计学意义,中高剂量化疗组与对照组Tei指数差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:超声可作为评价乳癌患者ATC心脏毒性有价值的临床监测手段.     

Characteristics and quality of adverse drug reaction reports by pharmacists in Norway

PURPOSE: To evaluate the characteristics and quality of adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports submitted by pharmacists, and thereby assess the possible contribution of pharmacists to the spontaneous reporting system for ADRs in Norway. METHODS: An open, prospective study was conducted where dispensing pharmacists from 39 pharmacies were encouraged to report ADRs over a 3-month period. The submitted ADR reports were compared to reports by physicians from the same time period. All reports were evaluated for selected characteristics, that is distribution of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification codes of suspected drugs, distribution of ADRs according to system-organ classes and the quality of the reports. RESULTS: A total of 118 reports covering 274 ADRs received from the pharmacists were compared to 109 ADR reports with 304 ADRs submitted by physicians. Pharmacists more often reported ADRs related to cardiovascular drugs, alimentary tract and metabolism drugs and respiratory drugs, whereas physicians more frequently reported ADRs related to musculoskeletal drugs and antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents. ADRs reported by pharmacists more frequently described gastrointestinal reactions while physicians reported more ADRs in relation to the cardiovascular and blood system. Whereas 68% of the physicians' reports were classified as serious, only 5% of the pharmacists' reports were serious. More than 50% of the reports submitted by pharmacists concerned ADRs following a generic substitution, in contrast to only 2% of the physicians' reports. The pharmacists' reports were found to be of a lower documentation grade. However, there was no substantial difference in a subjective assessment of the quality of information in the reports submitted by the two categories of health professionals. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists submit valuable ADR reports which provide information complimentary to physicians' reports. This emphasises that pharmacist ADR reporting might constitute an important addition to the spontaneous reporting system.     

Antibiotic use in ambulatory care in Europe (ESAC data 1997-2002): trends, regional differences and seasonal fluctuations

PURPOSE: The ESAC project (European Study on Antibiotic Consumption) aims to collect antibiotic-use data through a European network of national surveillance systems. This paper reports on the retrospective data collection in ambulatory care for the period 1997-2002. METHODS: Valid data of antibiotic consumption of 24 European countries for 2002 and of 18 countries for the entire 6-year period was classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) and expressed in defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID). Overall and subgroup comparison of antibiotic consumption over time as well as between geographical clusters was performed. RESULTS: Total use of antibiotics in Europe remained at a median level of 20 DID in the period 1997-2002 with a wide variation between countries ranging from 9.8 DID in The Netherlands to 32.2 DID in France. A substantial increase in subclass consumption of co-amoxiclav and fluoroquinolones was noted while the use of narrow-spectrum penicillins, erythromycin, quinolones and sulfonamides decreased. Total consumption as well as seasonal fluctuations showed remarkable geographical clustering with low consumption and low variation between summer and winter in the North, high consumption patterns in the South and a mixed model in the East. CONCLUSIONS: Within the ESAC project, valid time series of antibiotic-use data are publicly available now, enabling to improve the study of determinants of use, the evaluation of governmental antibiotic consumption policies and the investigation of the associated emergence of antibiotic resistance.