Replicative senescence of human dermal fibroblasts affects structural and functional aspects of the Golgi apparatus

It is well recognized that the world population is ageing rapidly. Therefore, it is important to understand ageing processes at the cellular and molecular levels to predict the onset of age‐related diseases and prevent them. Recent research has focused on the identification of ageing biomarkers, including those associated with the properties of the Golgi apparatus. In this context, Golgi‐mediated glycosylation of proteins has been well characterized. Additionally, other studies show that the secretion of many compounds, including pro‐inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix–degrading enzymes, is modified during ageing, resulting in physical and functional skin degradation. Since the Golgi apparatus is a central organelle of the secretory pathway, we investigated its structural organization in senescent primary human dermal fibroblasts using confocal and electron microscopy. In addition, we monitored the expression of Golgi‐related genes in the same cells. Our data showed a marked alteration in the Golgi morphology during replicative senescence. In contrast to its small and compact structure in non‐senescent cells, the Golgi apparatus exhibited a large and expanded morphology in senescent fibroblasts. Our data also demonstrated that the expression of many genes related to Golgi structural integrity and function was significantly modified in senescent cells, suggesting a relationship between Golgi apparatus function and ageing.     

野战医疗队配属陆军部队跨区演练实践

对医院野战医疗队与部队卫生机构联合编组救护所参加大型跨区演练活动进行总结，并梳理联合救护所在演训和保障过程中存在的问题和困难，具有较好的现实参考意义，丰富我军卫勤部队与部队卫勤联合演训的理论。     

IMPROVED BALLOON‐TIPPED TRANS‐ANAL ILEUS TUBE

Background: For management of bowel obstruction due to colorectal cancer, endoscopic trans‐anal decompression technique has been first reported by Lelcuk et al. in 1986 using balloon dilatation technique. Since then, various types of trans‐anal decompression tubes have been clinically used for patients suffering from left side obstructing colorectal cancer as an emergent decompressing device. At present, two types of trans‐anal ileus tube (trans‐anal decompression tube) have been available for clinical use, but they have two main problems that are late colon perforations caused by the tip of the tube and tube obstruction by stool. Methods: Analysis on three late colon perforations experienced with the use of conventional devices drew possible improvements to make a trans‐anal ileus tube less harmful. To overcome the pitfalls inherent to conventional tubes, the author has developed an improved trans‐anal ileus tube with a balloon installed at the very end of the tube (‘balloon‐tipped type’) made of silicone, measuring 1200 or 1700 mm in total length and 22 Fr in outer diameter. It has been used for 12 cases with obstructing colorectal cancer etc. and its outcomes were compared with those obtained by the use of conventional trans‐anal ileus tube. Results: No late perforations have been encountered, but tube obstruction did occur in one of 12 cases. Conclusion: The new trans‐anal ileus tube with a balloon installed at the tip of ileus tube is considered to be safer and especially effective in preventing late colon perforation and tube obstruction.     

维甲酸调变早幼粒白血病细胞株NB4中G-CSF及其受体表达

目的：进一步研究G－CSF在维甲酸致高白细胞症中的作用。方法：用RT－PCR、Northernblotting方法检测NB4细胞经全反式维甲酸（ATRA）作用后G－CSF mRNA表达的变化，同时用ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清液中G－CSF蛋白水平的变化；采用流式细胞技术检测NB4细胞经ATRA作用后G－CSF受体蛋白表达的变化。结果：ATRA可从基因水平上调NB4细胞中G－CSF表达，并可增加NB4细胞表面G－CSF受体的表达，G－CSF受体表达增加出现的时间虽然稍晚于G－CSF表达增加出现的时间，但仍然在较早期阶段，此时，细胞形态学和NBT实验均证实BN4细胞处于部分分化阶段。结论：在ATRA治疗APL过程中，G－CSF及其受体表达增加可能协同参与了高白细胞症的发生。     

Pituitary adenomas: Trans‐sphenoidal experience of 300 cases

Objective: The main aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness and complication rate of the 1 cm right‐sided unilateral sublabial trans‐sphenoidal surgery for patients with pituitary adenoma equal to or greater than 5 mm in diameter. Method: A total of 350 patients were surgically treated for pituitary adenomas between December 1999 and December 2003 in an academic neurosurgical unit in China. Three hundred patients (86%) were treated with the 1‐cm right‐sided unilateral sublabial trans‐sphenoidal approach. The mean age of patients was 43 years (range 10–78 years) and female patients accounted for 59% of the total. One hundred and ninety‐six (64%) patients had functioning endocrine tumours and 104 (36%) patients had non‐functioning tumours or macroadenomas. Tumours which were outside this simple and basic classification were excluded from the study. Results: There were no operative mortalities. One patient developed hypopituitarism and 16 (5%) developed transient diabetes insipidus that required pituitrin treatment. The remission rate for macroadenoma was 85% and that for microadenoma was 98.5% during a medium term follow‐up of 1–5 years. One hundred and fifteen patients had prolactin secreting tumours and 90.4% achieved endocrine remission. Fifty‐six patients had growth hormone secreting tumours and 75.4% achieved endocrine remission. Preoperatively, one hundred and fifty‐one patients presented with visual impairment and 148 (98%) achieved a documented improvement in visual acuity. The mean duration of hospital stay was 4 days (range 3–7 days). Conclusion: This minimally invasive trans‐sphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas could be used as the primary treatment for small pituitary tumours. The effectiveness of the tumour removal and low morbidity rate compare favourably with the conventional sublabial approach as well as the more recently developed endoscopic endonasal approaches.     

带血管甲状腺-甲状旁腺移植术5例报告

用带血管的胎儿甲状旁腺移植术治疗甲状旁腺机能低下症,共行手术6次(腹腔内移植5次,股三角区移植1次),6次中有3例术后发生4次排斥反应。经1年8月至3.5年随防,疗效显著者2例,有效2例,失败1例。本文讨论了有关甲状旁腺移植的手术方法、注意事项、免疫抑制剂应用等问题。     

肾移植术后肺部感染的诊治

目的：探讨治疗肾移植术后肺部感染的有效方法。方法：对我院1999年至2002年发生的23例肾移植术后肺部感染病人治疗方法和结果总结，结果：发现强调提高病人机体免疫力水平的治疗方法效果明显。结论：肾移植术后肺部感染的主要病因是机体免疫水平的低下，提高机体免疫水平是治疗移植后肺部感染的最重要手段。     

三氧化二砷与维甲酸联合作用在NB4,MR2细胞系中的体外研究

目的：观察三氧化二砷(As2O3)和全反式维甲酸(ATRA)联合作用对NB4，MR2不同亚型急性早幼粒白血病细胞株，诱导分化、增殖、凋亡的影响。方法:以NB4，MR2为体外模型，利用细胞生长曲线、台盼蓝拒染法、MTT法、NBT、细胞形态Wrigh‘s-Gimesa染色，观察细胞增殖、分化、凋亡的相互作用。结果：NB4细胞株：0．5μmol/L As2O3与10^-6mol/L ATRA对细胞增殖、分化、凋亡呈现拮抗，而0．5μmol/L As2O3与(10^-7--10^-8mol/L)ATRA呈现协同；MR2细胞株：0．5μmol/L As2O3与10^-6mol/L ATRA对细胞增殖、分化、凋亡呈现协同。结论：As2O3与全反式维甲酸协同效应呈现不同细胞、剂量的特异性，MR2细胞株协同效应明显强于NB4细胞株。     

Meta-analysis of gross insertions causing human genetic disease: novel mutational mechanisms and the role of replication slippage

Although gross insertions (>20 bp) comprise <1% of disease-causing mutations, they nevertheless represent an important category of pathological lesion. In an attempt to study these insertions in a systematic way, 158 gross insertions ranging in size between 21 bp and approximately 10 kb were identified using the Human Gene Mutation Database (www.hgmd.org). A careful meta-analytical study revealed extensive diversity in terms of the nature of the inserted DNA sequence and has provided new insights into the underlying mutational mechanisms. Some 70% of gross insertions were found to represent sequence duplications of different types (tandem, partial tandem, or complex). Although most of the tandem duplications were explicable by simple replication slippage, the three complex duplications appear to result from multiple slippage events. Some 11% of gross insertions were attributable to nonpolyglutamine repeat expansions (including octapeptide repeat expansions in the prion protein gene [PRNP] and polyalanine tract expansions) and evidence is presented to support the contention that these mutations are also caused by replication slippage rather than by unequal crossing over. Some 17% of gross insertions, all >or=276 bp in length, were found to be due to LINE-1 (L1) retrotransposition involving different types of element (L1 trans-driven Alu, L1 direct, and L1 trans-driven SVA). A second example of pathological mitochondrial-nuclear sequence transfer was identified in the USH1C gene but appears to arise via a novel mechanism, trans-replication slippage. Finally, evidence for another novel mechanism of human genetic disease, involving the possible capture of DNA oligonucleotides, is presented in the context of a 26-bp insertion into the ERCC6 gene.