Buffering effect of positive parent–child relationships on adolescent risk taking: A longitudinal neuroimaging investigation

Adolescence is marked by a steep increase in risk-taking behavior. The serious consequences of such heightened risk taking raise the importance of identifying protective factors. Despite its dynamic change during adolescence, family relationships remain a key source of influence for teenagers. Using a longitudinal fMRI approach, we scanned 23 adolescents twice across a 1.5-year period to examine how changes in parent–child relationships contribute to changes in adolescent risk taking over time via changes in adolescents’ neural reactivity to rewards. Results indicate that although parent–child relationships are not associated with adolescent risk taking concurrently, increases in positive parent–child relationships contribute to declines in adolescent risk taking. This process is mediated by longitudinal decreases in ventral striatum activation to rewards during risk taking. Findings highlight the neural pathways through which improvements in positive parent–child relationships serve to buffer longitudinal increases in adolescent risk taking.     

Is a friend truly a treasure? Evolution of friendship competence from pre-school up to the last year of primary school

A Friend is truly a treasure, in accordance with age and competence’s qualitative changes. The aim of this study was to con?rm the increase in friendship competence and its multifactorial nature in 3- up to 10-year-old children, and to verify gender differences, and parenting in?uences on the concept of friendship. A semi-structured interview was administered in a natural context to 3- to 10-year-old children (N?=?167; Mean?=?7.6 years; SD?=?2.16). According to Selman’s Model, the coding provides ?ve sub-categories: (1) friendship; (2) social perspective taking; (3) emotions understanding; (4) social interaction strategies; and (5) aggressiveness. Three parental style questionnaires were administered to parents. Results point up an increase in social skills according to age. The Friendship Interview turned out to be a reliable tool able to investigate how the concept of friendship is also structured in preschool children.     

长托宁用于全麻术前用药的效果观察

目的:观察长托宁作为全麻病人麻醉前用药对心血管系统和呼吸道分泌物的影响.方法:随机选择20例需全麻手术病人,在麻醉诱导前静注长托宁0.015 mg/kg,观察注药前、后5、10、20分钟各时点的血压、心率、脉搏氧饱和度及口干程度以及术中术毕口腔和呼吸道分泌物情况.结果:病人使用长托宁后5、10、20分钟的血压、心率与使用前相比有下降趋势,但无统计学意义(P＞0.05),脉搏氧饱和度未见明显改变,用药10分钟病人有轻度口干,术毕拔除气管导管时口腔及呼吸道分泌物较少.结论:长托宁用于全麻病人麻醉前给药效果满意.     

An analysis of paediatric diagnostic decision-making: how should students be taught?

This study assesses the relative importance of history, examination and investigations in paediatric diagnosis, in the Paediatric Out-patient Department of the Central Middlesex Hospital, London, by means of a questionnaire-based record of 94 consecutive referrals. A diagnosis identical to the final diagnosis was made in 76% of referrals after taking a history. The general practitioner had proposed a diagnosis in 45% in the referral letter. Clinical examination changed the diagnosis in only 15% but increased diagnostic confidence in 33%. Ninety-one per cent of cases were diagnosed without recourse to investigations. Forty-two per cent of children referred had investigations performed. In the majority of paediatric cases the provisional diagnosis reached after taking a history was identical to that after examination or results of investigations were known. Although examination provided a final diagnosis in only 15% of all cases it played an important role in adding confidence in 33%. More educational effort should therefore be directed at clinical history-taking skills and the subsequent purpose of examination.     

Communication skills training for medical students: an integrated approach

Skills of communication are not easily taught to medical students. Three main clinical departments (general practice, medicine and mental health) of the Medical Faculty of the Queen's University, Belfast, introduced an integrated course in January 1988 to teach the basic principles. The course is held at the beginning of clinical training and is an integral part of the introductory clinical course. It was introduced in response to the Report of a Working Party of the Education Committee of the General Medical Council (1987) which advocated the need for improved training in history-taking and communication. It is a 12-week course and every Monday and Friday afternoon from 1400 to 1700 hours 12 students are seconded from ward work, four to the Department of Medicine, four to the Department of General Practice and four to the Department of Mental Health. Hand-outs about information to be obtained and interview style are standardized and the principles to be followed are clearly defined in an aide-mémoire. Staff from the Departments of General Practice and Mental Health experienced in teaching communication by videotape feedback and analysis of consultations prepared 12 tutors for their role and responsibilities. Procedures to be followed were carefully explained to all students beforehand. General practice and psychiatry traditionally have established teaching programmes in communication but the inclusion of the Department of Medicine has made a significant impact. Students have come to realize that the taking of a good history demands as much skill as the physical examination of the patient and is an important aspect of any clinical assessment.     

Developmental aspects of children's behavior and safety while cycling

OBJECTIVE: To examine children's competence while cycling, as demonstrated in mistakes in performance and failure to comply with safety rules. METHODS: Children in three age groups (8, 10, and 12 years) participated in a realistic yet simulated traffic environment. RESULTS: The boys' cycling speed increased steadily with age, while that of the girls increased from 8 to 10 but decreased at age 12. Most children had adequate motor control by age 10, and the youngest compensated for their less developed skills by cycling slowly and braking early at junctions. Serious mistakes, often related to the children's age and gender, consisted of the children failing to stop at signals or stopping too late, especially at short stopping range. CONCLUSIONS: There are considerable individual differences in children's cycling competence that are related to biological factors, such as age and gender, and psychological factors, such as rule compliance and choice of cycling speed.     

医院输血科选址的合理性分析

通过分析临床科室取血工作量情况及2019年12602袋血液取发血的情况,对医院的输血科的位置选择提出建议。     

Free choice ethanol intake of laboratory rats under different social conditions

To study the effects of different kinds of social deprivation on voluntary ethanol (ETOH) intake male Wistar rats were housed by (a) individual caging, (b) contact caging (partial social deprivation), and (c) group caging (four individuals per cage). In the latter condition the individuals were separated once a week from each other for 24 h. The rats simultaneously received water 5%, 10% and 20% ETOH for a period of 14 weeks. Additional control animals received water. Isolated individuals drank significantly more alcohol than group-housed or contact-caged rats. After a few days they preferred the 20% solution. Circadian measures revealed a discontinuous intake of high doses (> 0.5 g/kg/h) during short time periods. Contact-caged rats consumed much less ETOH, but both the preference for 20% ETOH and the circadian course of intake were similar to those occurring after isolation. ETOH intake of group-housed individuals was low. These individuals preferred the 5% solution and continuously consumed small ETOH doses. During the period of short-term isolation they drank even more ETOH than long-term isolated individuals. In contrast to the latter, the enhancement of intake decreased after some weeks. It is suggested that the differences between the housing groups not only reflect different degrees of isolation stress, but may also be explained by a contribution of different reinforcing or aversive psychotropic effects of ETOH. Reduction of isolation stress is probably most important in the situation of short term separation, whereas dose-dependent reinforcement via social stimulation or sedation may affect the drug taking behavior under the other social conditions.     

吸毒对肺结核患者病情的影响

目的　探讨吸毒对肺结核患者病情的影响。 方法　 对比吸毒和非吸毒肺结核患者治疗前后的临床症状、痰菌情况及胸片的改变。 结果　 治疗前吸毒者患肺结核的临床症状重 ,痰菌阳性率、空洞形成率和病变范围与对照组比较均明显升高 ;治疗后肺结核临床症状改善率、痰菌阴转率、胸片病灶吸收好转率及空洞缩小率则明显降低 ,两者比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。 结论　吸毒对肺结核病情有加重作用     

改良皮下埋藏缝线法重睑形成术

目的:探讨重睑形成术的手术方法和效果。方法:对15例(29眼)单睑者在皮下埋藏缝线法重睑形成的基本原理的基础上,在具体操作技术上用我们改良后的手术方法施行手术。结果:经5～10d和6～12mo的随访观察,除其中1例无力型因年龄大适应症选择不当0.5a后效果不佳;其余全部受术者,恢复后形成重睑皱褶自然,长短基本一致,重睑对称。受术者、施术者、第三者均较满意。结论:改良后的重睑形成术,手术操作简便,效果可靠。是一种具有应用价值的手术方式,值得推广使用。