透析膜和内毒素对单个核细胞白细胞介素—1受体拮抗物产生的协同作用

目的：研究不同透析膜和内毒素对尿毒素对尿毒症患者外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）白细胞介素－1受体拮抗物（IL－1Ra）基因转录和IL－1Ra合成的影响。方法：细胞和不同透析膜孵育后采用细胞原位杂交检测mRNA水平,PBMC培养后采用酶联免疫吸附试验法测定细胞IL－1Ra水平。结果：不同析膜孵育后的PBMC在未用内毒素刺激情况下IL－1RamRNA水平有显著判别,但IL－1Ra合成量无差异。其中正常人仅有极微量IL－1Ra合成;内毒素刺激下的PBMC IL－1Ra合成明显明显高于未刺激组,与铜仿膜孵育后的合成量明显高于聚砜膜孵育后和对照组。结论：内毒素和透析膜对正常人和尿毒症患者PBMC的IL－1Ra的合成协同作用。     

A Quality and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Dialyzer Reuse in Hemodialysis Patients

Background. To evaluate the benefits of dialyzer reuse for hemodialysis (HD) patients, including the cost of HD treatment and patient's survival, a comparison was made regarding the standard practice of single-use dialysis. Methods. From January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2005, a total of 128,232 successive HD treatments in 822 patients in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center were included in this study. Results. Approximately 54.25% (446/822) of patients reused dialyzers. The average times of dialyzer reuse was 2.54. The annual hollow fiber cost is reduced by $241,054.08 U.S. dollars (NT $7,834,257.60). The annual cost of hollow fiber was reduced by $540.48 U.S. dollars (NT $17,565.60) in one patient with dialyzer reuse. The mortality rates in dialyzer reuse and single use groups were 3.1% and 10.9% within one year (p < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regressions showed that single use compared with reuse was associated with higher mortality after adjusting co-morbid conditions including age, diabetes mellitus, etc. Conclusions. We concluded that the benefits of dialyzer reuse included safety in our center and reduction in cost during a 12-month period. Dialyzer reuse may be a safe alternative.     

Pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients without arteriovenous fistula: the effect of dialyzer composition

Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) increases mortality rate in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Numerous clinical, hemodynamic, and metabolic abnormalities have been suggested to be associated with the development of PHT in HD patients. We aimed to investigate the acute effects of two different dialyzer membranes on pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) throughout a HD session in maintenance HD patients. Seventy-four HD patients dialyzed through permanent tunneled jugular central venous catheter were enrolled. A first-use cellulose acetate and high-flux polysulfone dialysis membrane were tested using a crossover design. For each membrane, pre- and post-dialysis pulmonary artery pressures were measured echocardiographically. Elevated pulmonary artery pressure was observed in 68.8% of patients (n = 51), whereas mild PHT was observed in 28.3% of patients (n = 21) and moderate PHT in 40.5% (n = 30). Decrease in pulmonary artery pressure following HD procedure performed using high-flux polysulfone membrane was significantly higher than the decrease observed following HD procedure performed using cellulose acetate membrane (p < 0.05). Significant decrease in pulmonary artery pressures was observed only after HD procedures performed using high-flux polysulfone membrane (p < 0.05). Ultrafiltered volume was only significantly correlated with the decrease in pulmonary artery pressure observed after HD procedure performed through high-flux polysulfone membrane (β = 0.411, p < 0.05). PHT seems to be prevalent among HD patients even in the absence of AV fistula and abnormal cardiac functions. Membrane composition seems to be important, which may overwhelm the improving effects of ultrafiltration.     

Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer Dialyzer Membrane Reduces Protein Oxidation in Hemodialysis Patients

Background: Oxidative stress has been implicated in the cardiovascular complications that affect hemodialysis (HD) patients. Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) dialyzer membrane induces less production of reactive oxygen species as compared to conventional dialyzers. We evaluated the impact of EVAL membrane on plasma protein oxidation in HD patients.?Methods:?HD patients treated with cellulose triacetate (CTA) dialyzers were selected. In the first study performed in a 2-month crossover design alternating between CTA and EVAL, nonmercaptalbumin and advanced oxidation protein products levels were measured in the predialysis blood from 10 subjects. In the second study, predialysis plasma myeloperoxidase levels were measured before and after a 2-week EVAL treatment on 12 patients.?Results:?Plasma advanced oxidation protein products levels were reduced after a 2-month EVAL treatment and increased again after CTA treatment, although the nonmercaptalbumin proportions were not affected significantly by the change in dialyzer membranes. The following study, a 2-week EVAL treatment, showed the decrease in myeloperoxidase levels immediately before HD.?Conclusion:?The frequent use of EVAL dialyzers has been shown to reduce protein oxidation, possibly through the suppression of circulating phagocytes. This novel biocompatible dialyzer is expected to protect cardiovascular mortality in HD patients.     

Multipoint dilution hemofiltration: A new technology for maximum convective clearance

Convection-based renal replacement therapies (RRTs) have the potential to improve patient outcomes when compared to diffusion-based RRT such as hemodialysis (HD), but have limited clearance rates. We propose and characterize multipoint dilution hemofiltration (MPD-HF), a purely convective blood purification technology which removes the fundamental filtration limit associated with convective RRT resulting in clearance rates on par with HD. In MPD-HF, filtration of liquid and solutes occurs along the length of the hollow fibers that convey the blood, and substitution fluid is pushed into the fibers at multiple points along their length. Since multiple filtration and dilution steps are contained within one pass of the blood through the hollow fiber, the fraction of fluid that can be filtered may be increased to allow a high clearance rate that removes a wide range of toxins. In vitro tests yielded an average steady-state filtrate fraction of 68%, exceeding commercial HDF cartridge filtrate fractions by a factor of approximately 3. The molecular weights of molecules cleared spans up to the cutoff of 66 kDa for albumin.     

强酸性电解水复用透析器对透析膜透析效率的影响

目的 观察强酸性电解水消毒复用三醋酸纤维透析器对小分子溶质尿素清除指数(KT/V)利尿素清除率(urea removal ratio,URR)的影响,以及扫描电镜下不同复用次数透析膜内纤维蛋白假膜的形成和变化,探讨强酸性电解水复用透析器对尿素清除效率的影响.方法 14例规律血液透析病人随机分为2组,每组7例,A组为强酸性电解水复用实验组,B组为过氧乙酸复用对照组.两组分别于复用的0、1、3、5次观察各指标.结果 两组间不同复用次数的KT/V、URR相比无显著性差异.扫描电镜下过氧乙酸复用第4次可见少量纤维蛋白沉积,两种消毒剂复用第5次透析膜内均见纤维蛋白假膜形成,强酸性电解水复用者纤维蛋白假膜沉积累及的纤维束数量明显少于过氧乙酸复用者,且假膜的厚度薄得多.结论 强酸性电解水消毒复用5次透析器对尿素的透析效率无影响.     

透析前注射单剂量低分子量肝素对透析器复用效率的评价

目的：评价血液透 析前注射单剂量低 分子量肝素（ Ｌ Ｍ Ｗ Ｈ）与持续 输注普通肝素（ Ｓ Ｈ）对复用透析器 效率的影响。方法：对 ３０ 例慢性透 析患者进行随机交叉对照研究,观察第一、四次透析的透析器纤维包裹容量 （ Ｆ Ｂ Ｖ）、透析前血球压积 （ Ｈ Ｃ Ｔ）及透析 ２ ｈ 尿素氮、肌酐 清除率,另外,利用生色底物法测定透析 ０ ｈ、２ ｈ、４ｈ 血浆肝素抗 Ｆｘａ 水平。结果：同 Ｓ Ｈ 组比, Ｌ Ｍ Ｗ Ｈ 组透析器复用次数明显增加（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,第四次复用透析器 Ｆ Ｂ Ｖ 及透析 ２ ｈ 尿素氮、肌酐清除 率无明显 下降（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）, Ｓ Ｈ 组则明显 下降（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,透析 ２ ｈ 两组血浆肝素活性抗 Ｆｘａ 水平无明显差异（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）,透析 ４ ｈ Ｌ Ｍ Ｗ Ｈ 组明显高于 Ｓ Ｈ 组（ Ｐ＜ ０．０５）。结论：透析前 单剂量注射 Ｌ Ｍ Ｗ Ｈ 能保护复用透析器清 除率,值得临床上进一步推广。     

透析器复用的伦理研究

分析透析器复用的原因和现状以及复用存在的问题,我国经济状况决定了透析器复用的客观现实,并从伦理学角度分析透析器复用的价值和风险,认为复用透析器有利于减轻患者和社会经济压力,确保更多患者可以接受透析治疗,符合医学伦理原则.     

The effect of vitamin E-bonded dialyzer membrane on red blood cell survival in hemodialyzed patients

Reduced red blood cell (RBC) survival due to oxidative damage is one of the causes of anemia in patients under long-term hemodialysis. Recently, it has been shown that vitamin E-bonded dialyzer membrane is able to reduce the oxidative stress during hemodialysis. In humans, creatine content in RBC is used to measure RBC life span and erythropoietic capacity, since it rapidly declines as the RBCs become old. Therefore this study aimed to elucidate the effect of vitamin E-bonded dialyzer membrane on RBC life span by measuring creatine content in RBC.     

可再生使用医疗器械清洗时存在的问题及对策

通过对医院可再生使用医疗器械清洗过程进行观察、分析,找出清洗过程中存在的问题,如思想上的不重视;清洗方法不规范;清洗物品分类不明确;清洗质量不彻底;干燥不及时等。针对这些问题,采取强化学习及专业知识的培训,规范清洗方法及步骤,以《消毒技术规范》为原则,提高认识,进一步规范清洗过程,强化清洗质量,保证消毒灭菌的成功。