Self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding: A concept analysis

To increase the overall rate of breastfeeding initiation and duration, factors involved in a mother's decision to breastfeed must be identified. Self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding was a concept selected for exploring factors associated with negative views of breastfeeding. A concept analysis following the eight‐step Walker & Avant method provides clarity and context to the concept of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding. The antecedents of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding include living in a culture of sexualization and objectification of women and the internalization of the values of objectification. Attributes of self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding are a prioritization of physical appearance attributes of the breast over the health benefits of breastfeeding and a preoccupation with physical appearance. Consequences include negative views toward breastfeeding initiation, duration, and public breastfeeding. A concept analysis on self‐objectification in the context of breastfeeding will provide definition and clarity to this phenomenon, lend to theory and measurement, and add literature to the sociocultural factors impacting breastfeeding decisions.     

脉象要素“敛”与传统脉象的相关性

系统辨证脉学中的脉象要素多抽取单一物理变量,讲求纯化手指感觉,“敛”要素在传统28脉中没有出现,因传统脉象多是由几种感觉复合而成的复合脉象,所以,“敛”隐匿于某些脉象中.从古代文献以及现代脉象客观化研究进行探索,“敛”,都有举足轻重的地位,而“敛”在传统复合脉象紧脉、弦脉中都有体现.得出包含“敛”的传统脉象.     

舌诊的图像信息采集方法研究进展

对舌诊图像信息采集的三个关键环节——光源、CCD设备和色彩校正方法进行综述,并分析存在的问题与不足。     

慢性肾功能衰竭中医辨证客观化研究进展

对近年来慢性肾功能衰竭(CRF)中医辨证客观化研究的国内外文献进行了回顾和分析,结果表明应用现代科技手段对CRF的不同证型进行客观化研究已日趋深化,许多实验室指标与中医证型之间存在着一定的相关性,多学科、多系统、全方位的探讨CRF各证型舌脉象的客观化指标,最终有可能建立一种比较完善的辨证方法乃至新的辨证体系。     

基于多元统计分析方法的原发性高血压肝阳上亢证判别模型的建立

收集了古今医案中与原发性高血压相关的305例病例,对各种症状和体征进行语言规范化处理及量化赋值,采用χ2检验或秩和检验筛选出对肝阳上亢证与非肝阳上亢证有鉴别意义的指标,并利用SPSS16.0统计软件对其进行非条件的Logistic回归分析,建立原发性高血压肝阳上亢证最佳的判别模型,从而为原发性高血压肝阳上亢证证候客观化研究提供依据。     

Separating the sex from the object: conceptualizing sexualization and (sexual) objectification in Flemish preteens’ popular television programs

Media effects research has confirmed that sexualizing media exposure can negatively affect preteens’ body image and sexual development. While there is a link between sexualizing content and adverse outcomes such as self-objectification and body dissatisfaction, an interest in sexual media content is a normal part of healthy sexual development during the preteen years. Hence, research is needed that examines the variety in preteens’ sexual media diet thereby addressing the subtleties involved in sexualizing media. To what extent do sexual content, appearance-related content, sexual objectification, and objectification occur in Flemish preteens’ favorite TV shows? And, how are these different types of content related to gender roles? Seeking to address these questions, this article reports on a quantitative content analysis of 24 episodes from five TV shows popular among Flemish preteens. Drawing on a sample of 465 scenes, results demonstrated that one in five scenes contained sexual behavior, and one in ten contained sexual objectification. Male characters were sexually objectified as often as female characters. Women were more often judged for their appearance, but were also more often shown treating others as objects in a non-sexual way. Results are discussed in light of objectification and social cognitive theory, culminating in suggestions for future research and implications for parents.     

The perfectible vagina: Size matters

With the construction of women's genitals as problematic, the 'private' female body becomes a site for potential improvement. Socio-cultural accounts of vaginal size in the West construct a tight (but not too tight) vagina as desirable, and a 'loose' vagina as undesirable. The importance of size is evident in contexts as diverse as slang, comedy, and surgical practices to tighten the vagina. After identifying the desirability of tightness, we analyse talk collected from women in individual and group interviews, and in undergraduate tutorials on intersex. In women's talk, we found a curious pattern: Women identified the cultural desirability of a tight vagina, and noted negative uses to which this is put (such as the positioning of women with 'loose' vaginas as promiscuous). However, when women described their personal concerns about vaginal size, these were couched in terms of anxiety about being too tight. We argue that constructions of vaginal size are problematic because they create another site of bodily concern for women, and are used to control and abuse women. We suggest that they also reflect a disregard of women's sexual pleasure, and a lack of familiarity with the functions of the vagina.     

Children as sexual objects: Historical and gender trends in magazines

Trained observers blind to exerimental hypotheses rated how often children were depicted sexually in five magazines. Results indicated that children were portrayed sexually in approximately 1.5% of the advertisements containing children. The occurrence of the sexualized depictions of children was systematic in three ways: (1) girls were depicted sexually more often than boys; (2) there was some evidence that this phenomenon has not decreased over the past four decades but, instead, might be increasing slightly; and (3) these depictions occurred more frequently in magazines targeted toward women than toward men or toward both genders. Research on the possible effects on both men and women of the sexualized depictions of children is needed.     

功能性消化不良的中医证型研究进展

功能性消化不良(Functional Dyspepsia FD)又称非溃疡性消化不良,系指除器质性疾病而见的持续性或反复发作性上腹疼痛、食后饱胀、腹部胀气、嗳气、早饱、厌食、恶心等上腹不适症状的一组临床症候群[1],大多由于情志内伤、饮食伤胃、劳倦伤脾所